Mct4 inhibitors for treating disease

ABSTRACT

Provided herein is a method for treating a monocarboxylate transporter MCT4-mediated disorder in a subject in need thereof. The method comprises the step of administering to the subject a compound of structural Formula I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and/or a salt thereof. The treatment of the monocarboxylate transporter MCT4-mediated disorder may inhibit activity of MCT4, or a mutant thereof, sometimes with at least a 100-fold selectivity for MCT4 over MCT1.

This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 15/180,623 filed Jun. 13, 2016, and entitled “MCT4 Inhibitorsfor Treating Disease,” which claims the benefit of priority of U.S.provisional application No. 62/174,685, filed Jun. 12, 2015, thecontents of which are incorporated by reference as if written herein intheir entireties.

This invention was made with government support under grant no. R43CA189391 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The governmenthas certain rights in the invention.

The present disclosure relates to new heterocyclic compounds andcompositions, and their application as pharmaceuticals for the treatmentof disease. Methods of inhibition of MCT4 activity in a human or animalsubject are also provided for the treatment of diseases such asproliferative and inflammatory diseases.

Lactic acid export from glycolytic cells is typically mediated by themonocarboxylate transporter MCT4. MCT4 exhibits weak affinity forlactate (K_(m)=28 mM) coupled with a high turnover rate, allowing rapidexport of large amounts of lactic acid. MCT4 expression is normallylimited to highly glycolytic tissues such as white muscle fibers,lymphocytes, astrocytes, and Sertoli cells. Though MCT4 is absent frommost normal tissues, MCT4 expression is highly upregulated, andcorrelates with poor survival, in many cancer indications, includingcolorectal cancer, glioma, head and neck cancer, triple-negative breastcancer, prostate cancer, KRAS mutant lung cancer, liver cancer, andkidney cancer.

The correlation of MCT4 expression and poor cancer outcome appears to beof significant functional consequence in multiple cancer models. Stableexpression of MCT4 is highly tumorigenic in a respiration-impaired,Ras-transformed fibroblast xenograft model. Conversely, MCT4 silencingslows or ablates tumor growth in xenograft models of breast cancer,colorectal cancer, and glioma. MCT4 expression is required forinflammatory cytokine IL-8-mediated angiogenesis in breast and coloncancer xenograft models. MCT4 has also been shown to play importantroles in cancer cell migration, invasion, and various aspects of theWarburg effect (e.g., proliferation on glucose, extracellularacidification, and lactate secretion).

Glycolytic reprogramming, including MCT4 upregulation, is also requiredfor pro-inflammatory functions of innate immune cells such asmacrophages and dendritic cells. The silencing of MCT4 leads todecreased inflammatory responses in macrophages. These findings suggestthat MCT4 may play an important role in innate immune cell mediatedinflammatory diseases.

MCT4 has also been demonstrated to be important in the glycolyticmetabolism of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fibroblasts, which arehighly proliferative and are one of the key players in the jointdestructive process of RA. Silencing of MCT4 in RA synovial fibroblastssignificantly reduces the severity of arthritis in a mousecollagen-induced arthritis model.

Inhibition of MCT4-mediated lactic acid export may be an effectivestrategy to impair the Warburg effect in diseases including cancer andinflammatory disease. Unfortunately, no potent and selective MCT4inhibitors have been described. Moderate to weak MCT4 inhibitors areknown (e.g., phloretin and α-CN-4-OH-cinnamate); however, thesecompounds promiscuously inhibit a number of other transporters,including MCT1.

Thus, there is a need for potent and selective MCT4 inhibitors for usein the treatment or prevention of proliferative and inflammatorydiseases.

Accordingly, disclosed herein are new compositions and methods forinhibiting MCT4 activity.

Provided is a compound of structural Formula I

or a salt thereof, wherein:

A¹, A², and A³ are independently chosen from N and C, wherein at leastone of A¹, A², and A³ is N;

L is chosen from a bond and methylene;

W is chosen from

X is chosen from alkenyl, alkenylamino, alkyl, aminoalkenyl, aminoalkyl,and H, any of which may be optionally substituted with one to three R¹groups, each independently chosen from alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy,haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylamino, amino, amido, sulfonamido, halo,cyano, hydroxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl;

Y is chosen from alkenyl, alkenylamino, alkyl, aminoalkenyl, aminoalkyl,aryl, cycloalkyl, and heteroaryl, any of which may be optionallysubstituted with one to three R² groups each independently chosen fromalkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkoxy,cycloalkylmethoxy, alkylamino, amino, amido, sulfonamido, halo, cyano,hydroxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein

-   -   when X is not H, X and Y together with the atoms to which they        are attached may form an aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or        heterocycloalkyl ring, any of which may be optionally        substituted with one to three R⁷ groups each independently        chosen from alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,        alkylamino, amino, amido, sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy,        cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl; and

R⁴ and R⁵ are independently chosen from H and C₁-C₆alkyl, with R⁴ and R⁵together comprising no more than 6 carbons; and

Z is chosen from aryl and heteroaryl, either of which may be optionallysubstituted with one to three R³ groups each independently chosen fromalkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylamino, amino, amido,sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl.

Provided is a composition comprising a compound of Formula I and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle.

Provided is a method for inhibiting activity of the monocarboxylatetransporter MCT4, or a mutant thereof, in a biological sample comprisingthe step of contacting said biological sample with a compound as recitedin claim 1.

Provided is a method for inhibiting activity of the monocarboxylatetransporter MCT4, or a mutant thereof, activity in a patient comprisingthe step of administering to the patient a compound as recited in claim1.

Provided is a method for treating a monocarboxylate transporterMCT4-mediated disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising the stepof administering to said patient a compound as recited in claim 1.

Provided is a method of treating a MCT4-mediated disorder in a subjectin need thereof, comprising the sequential or co-administration of acompound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, andanother therapeutic agent.

Provided is a compound of any of Formula I for use in human therapy.

Provided is a compound of any of Formula I for use in treating aMCT4-mediated disease.

Provided is a use of a compound of Formula I for the manufacture of amedicament to treat a MCT4-mediated disease.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Abbreviations and Definitions

To facilitate understanding of the disclosure, a number of terms andabbreviations as used herein are defined below as follows:

When introducing elements of the present disclosure or the preferredembodiment(s) thereof, the articles “a”, “an”, “the” and “said” areintended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms“comprising”, “including” and “having” are intended to be inclusive andmean that there may be additional elements other than the listedelements.

The term “a compound as disclosed herein,” when used in pharmaceuticalmethod of treatment, medical use, method of inhibition, and similarembodiments, refers to any compound disclosed in a genus or subgenus orspecifically exemplified herein.

The term “and/or” when used in a list of two or more items, means thatany one of the listed items can be employed by itself or in combinationwith any one or more of the listed items.

For example, the expression “A and/or B” is intended to mean either orboth of A and B, i.e. A alone, B alone or A and B in combination. Theexpression “A, B and/or C” is intended to mean A alone, B alone, Calone, A and B in combination, A and C in combination, B and C incombination or A, B, and C in combination.

When ranges of values are disclosed, and the notation “from n₁ . . . ton₂” or “between n₁ . . . and n₂” is used, where n₁ and n₂ are thenumbers, then unless otherwise specified, this notation is intended toinclude the numbers themselves and the range between them. This rangemay be integral or continuous between and including the end values. Byway of example, the range “from 2 to 6 carbons” is intended to includetwo, three, four, five, and six carbons, since carbons come in integerunits. Compare, by way of example, the range “from 1 to 3 μM(micromolar),” which is intended to include 1 μM, 3 μM, and everythingin between to any number of significant figures (e.g., 1.255 μM, 2.1 μM,2.9999 μM, etc.).

The term “about,” as used herein, is intended to qualify the numericalvalues that it modifies, denoting such a value as variable within arange close to the value. When no particular range, such as a standarddeviation to a mean value given in a chart or table of data, is recited,the term “about” should be understood to mean that range which wouldencompass the recited value and the range which would be included byrounding up or down to that figure as well, taking into accountsignificant figures.

As used herein, two embodiments are “mutually exclusive” when one isdefined to be something which is different than the other. For example,an embodiment wherein Y is specified to be thienyl is mutually exclusivewith an embodiment in which Y is specified to be phenyl. However, anembodiment wherein Y is specified to be thienyl is not mutuallyexclusive with an embodiment in which Z is ortho-substituted with an R³group chosen from alkoxy, alkyl, alkylamino, halo, and haloalkyl.

The term “acyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to acarbonyl attached to an alkenyl, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl,heterocycle, or any other moiety were the atom attached to the carbonylis carbon. An “acetyl” group refers to a —C(O)CH₃ group. An“alkylcarbonyl” or “alkanoyl” group refers to an alkyl group attached tothe parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group. Examples of suchgroups include methylcarbonyl and ethylcarbonyl. Examples of acyl groupsinclude formyl, alkanoyl and aroyl.

The term “alkenyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to astraight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbon radical having one or moredouble bonds and containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms. In certainembodiments, the alkenyl will comprise from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Theterm “alkenylene” refers to a carbon-carbon double bond system attachedat two or more positions such as ethenylene [(—CH═CH—), (—C::C—)].Examples of suitable alkenyl radicals include ethenyl, propenyl,2-methylpropenyl, 1,4-butadienyl and the like. Unless otherwisespecified, the term “alkenyl” may include “alkenylene” groups.

The term “alkoxy,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to analkyl ether radical, wherein the term alkyl is as defined below.Examples of suitable alkyl ether radicals include methoxy, ethoxy,n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy,and the like.

The term “alkyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to astraight-chain or branched-chain saturated hydrocarbon containing from 1to 20 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkyl will comprise from1 to 10 carbon atoms. In further embodiments, the alkyl will comprisefrom 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Alkyl groups may be optionally substituted asdefined herein. Examples of alkyl radicals include methyl, ethyl,n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl,iso-amyl, hexyl, octyl, noyl and the like. The term “alkylene,” as usedherein, alone or in combination, refers to a saturated aliphatic groupderived from a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon attachedat two or more positions, such as methylene (—CH₂—). Unless otherwisespecified, the term “alkyl” may include “alkylene” groups.

The term “alkylamino,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through anamino group. Suitable alkylamino groups may be mono- or dialkylated,forming groups such as, for example, N-methylamino, N-ethylamino,N,N-dimethylamino, N,N-ethylmethylamino and the like.

The term “alkylidene,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto an alkenyl group in which one carbon atom of the carbon-carbon doublebond belongs to the moiety to which the alkenyl group is attached.

The term “alkylthio,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers toan alkyl thioether (R—S—) radical wherein the term alkyl is as definedabove and wherein the sulfur may be singly or doubly oxidized. Examplesof suitable alkyl thioether radicals include methylthio, ethylthio,n-propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, iso-butylthio, sec-butylthio,tert-butylthio, methanesulfonyl, ethanesulfinyl, and the like.

The term “alkynyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to astraight-chain or branched chain hydrocarbon radical having one or moretriple bonds and containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms. In certainembodiments, the alkynyl comprises from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. In furtherembodiments, the alkynyl comprises from 2 to 4 carbon atoms. The term“alkynylene” refers to a carbon-carbon triple bond attached at twopositions such as ethynylene (—C:::C—, —C≡C—). Examples of alkynylradicals include ethynyl, propynyl, hydroxypropynyl, butyn-1-yl,butyn-2-yl, pentyn-1-yl, 3-methylbutyn-1-yl, hexyn-2-yl, and the like.Unless otherwise specified, the term “alkynyl” may include “alkynylene”groups.

The terms “amido” and “carbamoyl” as used herein, alone or incombination, refer to an amino group as described below attached to theparent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, or vice versa. Theterm “C-amido” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a—C(O)N(RR′) group with R and R′ as defined herein or as defined by thespecifically enumerated “R” groups designated. The term “N-amido” asused herein, alone or in combination, refers to a RC(O)N(R′)— group,with R and R′ as defined herein or as defined by the specificallyenumerated “R” groups designated. The term “acylamino” as used herein,alone or in combination, embraces an acyl group attached to the parentmoiety through an amino group. An example of an “acylamino” group isacetylamino (CH₃C(O)NH—).

The term “amino,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to—NRR′, wherein R and R′ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl,heteroaryl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may themselves beoptionally substituted. Additionally, R and R′ may combine to formheterocycloalkyl, either of which may be optionally substituted.

The term “aryl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, means acarbocyclic aromatic system containing one, two or three rings whereinsuch polycyclic ring systems are fused together. The term “aryl”embraces aromatic groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, andphenanthryl.

The term “arylalkenyl” or “aralkenyl,” as used herein, alone or incombination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecularmoiety through an alkenyl group.

The term “arylalkoxy” or “aralkoxy,” as used herein, alone or incombination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecularmoiety through an alkoxy group.

The term “arylalkyl” or “aralkyl,” as used herein, alone or incombination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecularmoiety through an alkyl group.

The term “arylalkynyl” or “aralkynyl,” as used herein, alone or incombination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecularmoiety through an alkynyl group.

The term “arylalkanoyl” or “aralkanoyl” or “aroyl,” as used herein,alone or in combination, refers to an acyl radical derived from anaryl-substituted alkanecarboxylic acid such as benzoyl, naphthoyl,phenylacetyl, 3-phenylpropionyl (hydrocinnamoyl), 4-phenylbutyryl,(2-naphthyl)acetyl, 4-chlorohydrocinnamoyl, and the like.

The term aryloxy as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to anaryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxy.

The terms “benzo” and “benz,” as used herein, alone or in combination,refer to the divalent radical C₆H₄=derived from benzene. Examplesinclude benzothiophene and benzimidazole.

The term “carbamate,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers toan ester of carbamic acid (—NHCOO—) which may be attached to the parentmolecular moiety from either the nitrogen or acid end, and which may beoptionally substituted as defined herein.

The term “O-carbamyl” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers toa —OC(O)NRR′, group-with R and R′ as defined herein.

The term “N-carbamyl” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers toa ROC(O)NR′— group, with R and R′ as defined herein.

The term “carbonyl,” as used herein, when alone includes formyl [—C(O)H]and in combination is a —C(O)— group.

The term “carboxyl” or “carboxy,” as used herein, refers to —C(O)OH orthe corresponding “carboxylate” anion, such as is in a carboxylic acidsalt. An “O-carboxy” group refers to a RC(O)O— group, where R is asdefined herein. A “C-carboxy” group refers to a —C(O)OR groups where Ris as defined herein.

The term “cyano,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to—CN.

The term “cycloalkyl,” or, alternatively, “carbocycle,” as used herein,alone or in combination, refers to a saturated or partially saturatedmonocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic alkyl group wherein each cyclic moietycontains from 3 to 12 carbon atom ring members and which may optionallybe a benzo fused ring system which is optionally substituted as definedherein. In certain embodiments, the cycloalkyl will comprise from 5 to 7carbon atoms. Examples of such cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, tetrahydronapthyl,indanyl, octahydronaphthyl, 2,3-dihydro-1H-indenyl, adamantyl and thelike. “Bicyclic” and “tricyclic” as used herein are intended to includeboth fused ring systems, such as decahydronaphthalene,octahydronaphthalene as well as the multicyclic (multicentered)saturated or partially unsaturated type. The latter type of isomer isexemplified in general by, bicyclo[1,1,1]pentane, camphor, adamantane,and bicyclo[3,2,1]octane.

The term “ester,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to acarboxy group bridging two moieties linked at carbon atoms.

The term “ether,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to anoxy group bridging two moieties linked at carbon atoms.

The term “halo,” or “halogen,” as used herein, alone or in combination,refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

The term “haloalkoxy,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto a haloalkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through anoxygen atom.

The term “haloalkyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers toan alkyl radical having the meaning as defined above wherein one or morehydrogens are replaced with a halogen. Specifically embraced aremonohaloalkyl, dihaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl radicals. A monohaloalkylradical, for one example, may have an iodo, bromo, chloro or fluoro atomwithin the radical. Dihalo and polyhaloalkyl radicals may have two ormore of the same halo atoms or a combination of different halo radicals.Examples of haloalkyl radicals include fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl,trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl,pentafluoroethyl, heptafluoropropyl, difluorochloromethyl,dichlorofluoromethyl, difluoroethyl, difluoropropyl, dichloroethyl anddichloropropyl. “Haloalkylene” refers to a haloalkyl group attached attwo or more positions. Examples include fluoromethylene (—CFH—),difluoromethylene (—CF₂—), chloromethylene (—CHCl—) and the like.

The term “heteroalkyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto a stable straight or branched chain, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical,or combinations thereof, fully saturated or containing from 1 to 3degrees of unsaturation, consisting of the stated number of carbon atomsand from one to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of0, N, and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally beoxidized and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized. Theheteroatom(s) O, N and S may be placed at any interior position of theheteroalkyl group. Up to two heteroatoms may be consecutive, such as,for example, —CH₂—NH—OCH₃.

The term “heteroaryl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto a 3 to 15 membered unsaturated heteromonocyclic ring, or a fusedmonocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic ring system in which at least one ofthe fused rings is aromatic, which contains at least one atom selectedfrom the group consisting of O, S, and N. In certain embodiments, theheteroaryl will comprise from 5 to 7 carbon atoms. The term alsoembraces fused polycyclic groups wherein heterocyclic rings are fusedwith aryl rings, wherein heteroaryl rings are fused with otherheteroaryl rings, wherein heteroaryl rings are fused withheterocycloalkyl rings, or wherein heteroaryl rings are fused withcycloalkyl rings. Examples of heteroaryl groups include pyrrolyl,pyrrolinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,pyridazinyl, triazolyl, pyranyl, furyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl,oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl,indolizinyl, benzimidazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, quinoxalinyl,quinazolinyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzopyranyl,benzoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl,benzofuryl, benzothienyl, chromonyl, coumarinyl, benzopyranyl,tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrazolopyridazinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl,thienopyridinyl, furopyridinyl, pyrrolopyridinyl and the like. Exemplarytricyclic heterocyclic groups include carbazolyl, benzidolyl,phenanthrolinyl, dibenzofuranyl, acridinyl, phenanthridinyl, xanthenyland the like.

The terms “heterocycloalkyl” and, interchangeably, “heterocycle,” asused herein, alone or in combination, each refer to a saturated,partially unsaturated, or fully unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic, ortricyclic heterocyclic group containing at least one heteroatom as aring member, wherein each the heteroatom may be independently selectedfrom the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur In certainembodiments, the heterocycloalkyl will comprise from 1 to 4 heteroatomsas ring members. In further embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl willcomprise from 1 to 2 heteroatoms as ring members. In certainembodiments, the heterocycloalkyl will comprise from 3 to 8 ring membersin each ring. In further embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl will comprisefrom 3 to 7 ring members in each ring. In yet further embodiments, theheterocycloalkyl will comprise from 5 to 6 ring members in each ring.“Heterocycloalkyl” and “heterocycle” are intended to include sulfones,sulfoxides, N-oxides of tertiary nitrogen ring members, and carbocyclicfused and benzo fused ring systems; additionally, both terms alsoinclude systems where a heterocycle ring is fused to an aryl group, asdefined herein, or an additional heterocycle group. Examples ofheterocycle groups include aziridinyl, azetidinyl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl,dihydroisoindolyl, dihydroisoquinolinyl, dihydrocinnolinyl,dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydro[1,3]oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridinyl,benzothiazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihydropyridinyl, 1,3-dioxanyl,1,4-dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, isoindolinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl,pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, piperidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, and thelike. The heterocycle groups may be optionally substituted unlessspecifically prohibited.

The term “hydrazinyl” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers totwo amino groups joined by a single bond, i.e., —N—N—.

The term “hydroxy,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to—OH.

The term “hydroxyalkyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto a hydroxy group attached to the parent molecular moiety through analkyl group.

The term “imino,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to═N—.

The term “iminohydroxy,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto ═N(OH) and ═N—O—.

The phrase “in the main chain” refers to the longest contiguous oradjacent chain of carbon atoms starting at the point of attachment of agroup to the compounds of any one of the formulas disclosed herein.

The term “isocyanato” refers to a —NCO group.

The term “isothiocyanato” refers to a —NCS group.

The phrase “linear chain of atoms” refers to the longest straight chainof atoms independently selected from carbon, nitrogen, oxygen andsulfur.

The term “lower,” as used herein, alone or in a combination, where nototherwise specifically defined, means containing from 1 to and including6 carbon atoms.

The term “lower aryl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, meansphenyl or naphthyl, either of which may be optionally substituted asprovided.

The term “lower heteroaryl,” as used herein, alone or in combination,means either 1) monocyclic heteroaryl comprising five or six ringmembers, of which between one and four the members may be heteroatomsselected from the group consisting of O, S, and N, or 2) bicyclicheteroaryl, wherein each of the fused rings comprises five or six ringmembers, comprising between them one to four heteroatoms selected fromthe group consisting of O, S, and N.

The term “lower cycloalkyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination,means a monocyclic cycloalkyl having between three and six ring members.Lower cycloalkyls may be unsaturated. Examples of lower cycloalkylinclude cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.

The term “lower heterocycloalkyl,” as used herein, alone or incombination, means a monocyclic heterocycloalkyl having between threeand six ring members, of which between one and four may be heteroatomsselected from the group consisting of O, S, and N. Examples of lowerheterocycloalkyls include pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl,piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl. Lower heterocycloalkyls maybe unsaturated.

The term “lower amino,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto —NRR′, wherein R and R′ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, and lower heteroalkyl, any of whichmay be optionally substituted. Additionally, the R and R′ of a loweramino group may combine to form a five- or six-memberedheterocycloalkyl, either of which may be optionally substituted.

The term “mercaptyl” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers toan RS— group, where R is as defined herein.

The term “nitro,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to—NO₂.

The terms “oxy” or “oxa,” as used herein, alone or in combination, referto —O—.

The term “oxo,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to ═O.

The term “perhaloalkoxy” refers to an alkoxy group where all of thehydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms.

The term “perhaloalkyl” as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto an alkyl group where all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced byhalogen atoms.

The terms “sulfonate,” “sulfonic acid,” and “sulfonic,” as used herein,alone or in combination, refer to the —SO₃H group and its anion as thesulfonic acid is used in salt formation.

The term “sulfanyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to—S—.

The term “sulfinyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to—S(O)—.

The term “sulfonyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to—S(O)₂—.

The term “N-sulfonamido” refers to a RS(═O)₂NR′— group with R and R′ asdefined herein.

The term “S-sulfonamido” refers to a —S(═O)₂NRR′, group, with R and R′as defined herein.

The terms “thia” and “thio,” as used herein, alone or in combination,refer to a —S— group or an ether wherein the oxygen is replaced withsulfur. The oxidized derivatives of the thio group, namely sulfinyl andsulfonyl, are included in the definition of thia and thio.

The term “thiol,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an—SH group.

The term “thiocarbonyl,” as used herein, when alone includes thioformyl—C(S)H and in combination is a —C(S)— group.

The term “trihalomethoxy” refers to a X₃CO— group where X is a halogen.

Any definition herein may be used in combination with any otherdefinition to describe a composite structural group. By convention, thetrailing element of any such definition is that which attaches to theparent moiety. For example, the composite group alkylamido wouldrepresent an alkyl group attached to the parent molecule through anamido group, and the term alkoxyalkyl would represent an alkoxy groupattached to the parent molecule through an alkyl group.

When a group is defined to be “null,” what is meant is that the group isabsent.

The term “optionally substituted” means the anteceding group may besubstituted or unsubstituted. When substituted, the substituents of an“optionally substituted” group may include, without limitation, one ormore substituents independently selected from the following groups or aparticular designated set of groups, alone or in combination: loweralkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower haloalkyl, lower haloalkenyl,lower haloalkynyl, lower alkoxy, lower haloalkoxy, oxo, lower cyano,hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino, lower alkylamino, amido, nitro,thiol, C(O)CH₃, CO₂CH₃, and CO₂H. Where substituents are recited withoutqualification as to substitution, both substituted and unsubstitutedforms are encompassed. Where a substituent is qualified as“substituted,” the substituted form is specifically intended.Additionally, different sets of optional substituents to a particularmoiety may be defined as needed; in these cases, the optionalsubstitution will be as defined, often immediately following the phrase,“optionally substituted with.”

The term R or the term R′, appearing by itself and without a numberdesignation, unless otherwise defined, refers to a moiety selected fromthe group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkylene, alkynylene,cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycloalkyl, any ofwhich may be optionally substituted as defined herein. Unless otherwisespecified, when either R or R′ contains a heteroatom, they should beunderstood to attach to the parent group via a carbon atom. Whether an Rgroup has a number designation or not, every R group, including R, R′and Rn where n=(1, 2, 3 . . . n), every substituent, and every termshould be understood to be independent of every other in terms ofselection from a group. Should any variable, substituent, or term (e.g.aryl, heterocycle, R, etc.) occur more than one time in a formula orgeneric structure, its definition at each occurrence is independent ofthe definition at every other occurrence. Those of skill in the art willfurther recognize that certain groups may be attached to a parentmolecule or may occupy a position in a chain of elements from either endas written. Thus, by way of example only, an unsymmetrical group such as—C(O)N(R)— may be attached to the parent moiety at either the carbon orthe nitrogen.

Asymmetric centers exist in the compounds disclosed herein. Thesecenters are designated by the symbols “R” or “S,” depending on theconfiguration of substituents around the chiral carbon atom. It shouldbe understood that the disclosure encompasses all stereochemicalisomeric forms, including diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimericforms, as well as d-isomers and 1-isomers, and mixtures thereof.Individual stereoisomers of compounds can be prepared synthetically fromcommercially available starting materials which contain chiral centersor by preparation of mixtures of enantiomeric products followed byseparation such as conversion to a mixture of diastereomers followed byseparation or recrystallization, chromatographic techniques, directseparation of enantiomers on chiral chromatographic columns, or anyother appropriate method known in the art. Starting compounds ofparticular stereochemistry are either commercially available or can bemade and resolved by techniques known in the art. Additionally, thecompounds disclosed herein may exist as geometric isomers. The presentdisclosure includes all cis, trans, syn, anti, entgegen (E), andzusammen (Z) isomers as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof.Additionally, compounds may exist as tautomers; all tautomeric isomersare provided by this disclosure. Additionally, the compounds disclosedherein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms withpharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and thelike. In general, the solvated forms are considered equivalent to theunsolvated forms.

The term “bond” refers to a covalent linkage between two atoms, or twomoieties when the atoms joined by the bond are considered part of largersubstructure. A bond may be single, double, or triple unless otherwisespecified. A dashed line between two atoms in a drawing of a moleculeindicates that an additional bond may be present or absent at thatposition.

The term “disease” as used herein is intended to be generallysynonymous, and is used interchangeably with, the terms “disorder,”“syndrome,” and “condition” (as in medical condition), in that allreflect an abnormal condition of the human or animal body or of one ofits parts that impairs normal functioning, is typically manifested bydistinguishing signs and symptoms, and causes the human or animal tohave a reduced duration or quality of life.

The term “combination therapy” means the administration of two or moretherapeutic agents to treat a therapeutic condition or disorderdescribed in the present disclosure. Such administration encompassesco-administration of these therapeutic agents in a substantiallysimultaneous manner, such as in a single capsule having a fixed ratio ofactive ingredients or in multiple, separate capsules for each activeingredient. In addition, such administration also encompasses use ofeach type of therapeutic agent in a sequential manner. In either case,the treatment regimen will provide beneficial effects of the drugcombination in treating the conditions or disorders described herein.

MCT4 inhibitor is used herein to refer to a compound that exhibits anIC50 with respect to MCT4 activity of no more than about 100 μM and moretypically not more than about 50 μM, as measured in the MCT4 enzymeassay described generally herein below. IC50 is that concentration ofinhibitor that reduces the activity of an enzyme (e.g., MCT4) tohalf-maximal level. Certain compounds disclosed herein have beendiscovered to exhibit inhibition against MCT4. In certain embodiments,compounds will exhibit an IC50 with respect to MCT4 of no more thanabout 10 μM; in further embodiments, compounds will exhibit an IC50 withrespect to MCT4 of no more than about 5 μM; in yet further embodiments,compounds will exhibit an IC50 with respect to MCT4 of not more thanabout 1 μM; in yet further embodiments, compounds will exhibit an IC50with respect to MCT4 of not more than about 200 nM, as measured in theMCT4 binding assay described herein.

The phrase “therapeutically effective” is intended to qualify the amountof active ingredients used in the treatment of a disease or disorder oron the effecting of a clinical endpoint.

The term “therapeutically acceptable” refers to those compounds (orsalts, prodrugs, tautomers, zwitterionic forms, etc.) which are suitablefor use in contact with the tissues of patients without undue toxicity,irritation, and allergic response, are commensurate with a reasonablebenefit/risk ratio, and are effective for their intended use.

As used herein, reference to “treatment” of a patient is intended toinclude prophylaxis. Treatment may also be preemptive in nature, i.e.,it may include prevention of disease. Prevention of a disease mayinvolve complete protection from disease, for example as in the case ofprevention of infection with a pathogen, or may involve prevention ofdisease progression. For example, prevention of a disease may not meancomplete foreclosure of any effect related to the diseases at any level,but instead may mean prevention of the symptoms of a disease to aclinically significant or detectable level. Prevention of diseases mayalso mean prevention of progression of a disease to a later stage of thedisease.

The term “patient” is generally synonymous with the term “subject” andincludes all mammals including humans. Examples of patients includehumans, livestock (farm animals) such as cows, goats, sheep, pigs, andrabbits, and companion animals such as dogs, cats, rabbits, and horses.Preferably, the patient is a human.

The term “prodrug” refers to a compound that is made more active invivo. Certain compounds disclosed herein may also exist as prodrugs, asdescribed in Hydrolysis in Drug and Prodrug Metabolism: Chemistry,Biochemistry, and Enzymology (Testa, Bernard and Mayer, Joachim M.Wiley-VHCA, Zurich, Switzerland 2003). Prodrugs of the compoundsdescribed herein are structurally modified forms of the compound thatreadily undergo chemical changes under physiological conditions toprovide the compound. Additionally, prodrugs can be converted to thecompound by chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivo environment.For example, prodrugs can be slowly converted to a compound when placedin a transdermal patch reservoir with a suitable enzyme or chemicalreagent. Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they maybe easier to administer than the compound, or parent drug. They may, forinstance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent drugis not. The prodrug may also have improved solubility in pharmaceuticalcompositions over the parent drug. A wide variety of prodrug derivativesare known in the art, such as those that rely on hydrolytic cleavage oroxidative activation of the prodrug. An example, without limitation, ofa prodrug would be a compound which is administered as an ester (the“prodrug”), but then is metabolically hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid,the active entity. Additional examples include peptidyl derivatives of acompound.

The compounds disclosed herein can exist as therapeutically acceptablesalts. The present disclosure includes compounds listed above in theform of salts, including acid addition salts. Suitable salts includethose formed with both organic and inorganic acids. Such acid additionsalts will normally be pharmaceutically acceptable. However, salts ofnon-pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be of utility in thepreparation and purification of the compound in question. Basic additionsalts may also be formed and be pharmaceutically acceptable. For a morecomplete discussion of the preparation and selection of salts, refer toPharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use (Stahl, P.Heinrich. Wiley-VCHA, Zurich, Switzerland, 2002).

The term “therapeutically acceptable salt,” as used herein, representssalts or zwitterionic forms of the compounds disclosed herein which arewater or oil-soluble or dispersible and therapeutically acceptable asdefined herein. The salts can be prepared during the final isolation andpurification of the compounds or separately by reacting the appropriatecompound in the form of the free base with a suitable acid.Representative acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate,L-ascorbate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate (besylate),bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, digluconate,formate, fumarate, gentisate, glutarate, glycerophosphate, glycolate,hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hippurate, hydrochloride,hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethansulfonate (isethionate),lactate, maleate, malonate, DL-mandelate, mesitylenesulfonate,methanesulfonate, naphthylenesulfonate, nicotinate,2-naphthalenesulfonate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate,3-phenylproprionate, phosphonate, picrate, pivalate, propionate,pyroglutamate, succinate, sulfonate, tartrate, L-tartrate,trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, phosphate, glutamate, bicarbonate,para-toluenesulfonate (p-tosylate), and undecanoate. Also, basic groupsin the compounds disclosed herein can be quaternized with methyl, ethyl,propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; dimethyl, diethyl,dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates; decyl, lauryl, myristyl, and sterylchlorides, bromides, and iodides; and benzyl and phenethyl bromides.Examples of acids which can be employed to form therapeuticallyacceptable addition salts include inorganic acids such as hydrochloric,hydrobromic, sulfuric, and phosphoric, and organic acids such as oxalic,maleic, succinic, and citric. Salts can also be formed by coordinationof the compounds with an alkali metal or alkaline earth ion. Hence, thepresent disclosure contemplates sodium, potassium, magnesium, andcalcium salts of the compounds disclosed herein, and the like.

Basic addition salts can be prepared during the final isolation andpurification of the compounds by reacting a carboxy group with asuitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of ametal cation or with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary, ortertiary amine. The cations of therapeutically acceptable salts includelithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum, as well asnontoxic quaternary amine cations such as ammonium, tetramethylammonium,tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine,triethylamine, diethylamine, ethylamine, tributylamine, pyridine,N,N-dimethylaniline, N-methylpiperidine, N-methylmorpholine,dicyclohexylamine, procaine, dibenzylamine, N,N-dibenzylphenethylamine,1-ephenamine, and N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine. Other representativeorganic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts includeethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperidine, andpiperazine.

A salt of a compound can be made by reacting the appropriate compound inthe form of the free base with the appropriate acid.

Compounds

The present disclosure provides a compound of structural Formula I

or a salt thereof, wherein:

A¹, A², and A³ are independently chosen from N and C, wherein at leastone of A¹, A², and A³ is N;

L is chosen from a bond and methylene;

W is chosen from

X is chosen from alkenyl, alkenylamino, alkyl, aminoalkenyl, aminoalkyl,and H, any of which may be optionally substituted with one to three R¹groups, each independently chosen from alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy,haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylamino, amino, amido, sulfonamido, halo,cyano, hydroxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl;

Y is chosen from alkenyl, alkenylamino, alkyl, aminoalkenyl, aminoalkyl,aryl, cycloalkyl, and heteroaryl, any of which may be optionallysubstituted with one to three R² groups each independently chosen fromalkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkoxy,cycloalkylmethoxy, alkylamino, amino, amido, sulfonamido, halo, cyano,hydroxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein

-   -   when X is not H, X and Y together with the atoms to which they        are attached may form an aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or        heterocycloalkyl ring, any of which may be optionally        substituted with one to three R⁷ groups each independently        chosen from alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,        alkylamino, amino, amido, sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy,        cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl; and

R⁴ and R⁵ are independently chosen from H and alkyl, with R⁴ and R⁵together having no more than 6 carbons; and

Z is chosen from aryl and heteroaryl, either of which may be optionallysubstituted with one to three R³ groups each independently chosen fromalkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylamino, amino, amido,sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments,

A¹ and A² are C; and

A³ is N.

In certain embodiments, X is hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, W is chosen from:

In certain embodiments, W is chosen from

and

R⁴ and R⁵ are independently chosen from H and alkyl, with R⁴ and R⁵together having no more than 6 carbons.

In certain embodiments,

X is chosen from alkenyl, alkenylamino, alkyl, aminoalkenyl, aminoalkyl,and H, any of which may be optionally substituted with one to three R¹groups, each independently chosen from alkenyl, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl,halo, heteroaryl, and haloalkyl;

Y is chosen from alkenyl, alkenylamino, alkyl, aminoalkenyl, aminoalkyl,aryl, cycloalkyl, and heteroaryl, any of which may be optionallysubstituted with one to three R² groups each independently chosen fromalkenyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylmethoxy, haloalkoxy, alkyl,aryl, halo, heteroaryl, and haloalkyl, wherein

-   -   when X is not H, X and Y together with the atoms to which they        are attached may form an aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or        heterocycloalkyl ring, any of which may be optionally        substituted with one to three R⁴ groups each independently        chosen from alkenyl, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, halo, heteroaryl, and        haloalkyl; and

Z is chosen from aryl and heteroaryl, either of which may be optionallysubstituted with one to three R³ groups each independently chosen fromalkenyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alkylamino, aryl, halo, heteroaryl, andhaloalkyl.

In certain embodiments, Z is chosen from phenyl and pyridinyl, either ofwhich may be optionally substituted with one to three R³ groups eachindependently chosen from alkenyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alkylamino, aryl,halo, heteroaryl, and haloalkyl.

In certain embodiments, Y is chosen from aryl and heteroaryl, any ofwhich may be optionally substituted with one to three R² groups eachindependently chosen from alkenyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy,cycloalkylmethoxy, haloalkoxy, alkyl, aryl, halo, heteroaryl, andhaloalkyl.

In certain embodiments, Y is chosen from phenyl, thienyl, and thiazolyl,any of which may be optionally substituted with one to three R² groupseach independently chosen from alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylmethoxy,haloalkoxy, alkyl, halo, and haloalkyl.

In certain embodiments, R⁴ and R⁵ are chosen from the followingcombinations:

R⁴ and R⁵ are each methyl;

R⁴ and R⁵ are each ethyl; and

R⁴ is methyl and R⁵ is ethyl.

In certain embodiments, the compound has structural Formula II:

or a salt thereof, wherein:

L is chosen from a bond and methylene;

W is chosen from

Y is chosen from aryl, cycloalkyl, and heteroaryl, any of which may beoptionally substituted with one to three R² groups each independentlychosen from alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkoxy,cycloalkylmethoxy, alkylamino, amino, amido, sulfonamido, halo, cyano,hydroxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl;

R⁴ and R⁵ are independently chosen from H and alkyl, with R⁴ and R⁵together having no more than 6 carbons; and

Z is chosen from phenyl and pyridinyl, either of which may be optionallysubstituted with one to three R³ groups each independently chosen fromalkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylamino, amino, amido,sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments,

Y is chosen from aryl, cycloalkyl, and heteroaryl, any of which may beoptionally substituted with one to three R² groups each independentlychosen from alkenyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylmethoxy, haloalkoxy,alkyl, aryl, halo, heteroaryl, and haloalkyl; and

Z is chosen from phenyl and pyridinyl, either of which may be optionallysubstituted with one to three R³ groups each independently chosen fromalkenyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alkylamino, aryl, halo, heteroaryl, andhaloalkyl.

In certain embodiments, Z is chosen from phenyl and pyridinyl, either ofwhich may be optionally substituted with one to three R³ groups eachindependently chosen from alkenyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alkylamino, aryl,halo, heteroaryl, and haloalkyl.

In certain embodiments, Y is chosen from phenyl, thienyl, and thiazolyl,any of which may be optionally substituted with one to three R² groupseach independently chosen from alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylmethoxy,haloalkoxy, alkyl, halo, and haloalkyl.

In certain embodiments, R⁴ and R⁵ are chosen from the followingcombinations:

R⁴ and R⁵ are each methyl;

R⁴ and R⁵ are each ethyl; and

R⁴ is methyl and R⁵ is ethyl.

In certain embodiments, the compound has structural Formula III:

or a salt thereof, wherein:

L is chosen from a bond and methylene;

R⁴ and R⁵ are independently chosen from H and alkyl, with R⁴ and R⁵together having no more than 6 carbons;

R⁶ is chosen from H and methyl;

Y is chosen from aryl and heteroaryl, either of which may be optionallysubstituted with one to three R² groups each independently chosen fromalkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkoxy,cycloalkylmethoxy, alkylamino, amino, amido, sulfonamido, halo, cyano,hydroxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl; and

Z is chosen from phenyl and pyridinyl, either of which may be optionallysubstituted with one to three R³ groups each independently chosen fromalkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylamino, amino, amido,sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl.

Also provided are stereoisomers (e.g., enantiomers and diastereomers) ofcompounds disclosed herein. For example, in certain embodiments, alsoprovided are compound of structural Formula IIIa or IIIb:

or a salt thereof, wherein:

L is chosen from a bond and methylene;

R⁴ and R⁵ are independently chosen from H and alkyl, with R⁴ and R⁵together having no more than 6 carbons;

R⁶ is chosen from H and methyl;

Y is chosen from aryl and heteroaryl, either of which may be optionallysubstituted with one to three R² groups each independently chosen fromalkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkoxy,cycloalkylmethoxy, alkylamino, amino, amido, sulfonamido, halo, cyano,hydroxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl; and

Z is chosen from phenyl and pyridinyl, either of which may be optionallysubstituted with one to three R³ groups each independently chosen fromalkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylamino, amino, amido,sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments,

Y is chosen from aryl and heteroaryl, either of which may be optionallysubstituted with one to three R² groups each independently chosen fromalkenyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylmethoxy, haloalkoxy, alkyl,aryl, halo, heteroaryl, and haloalkyl; and

Z is chosen from phenyl and pyridinyl, either of which may be optionallysubstituted with one to three R³ groups each independently chosen fromalkenyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alkylamino, aryl, halo, heteroaryl, andhaloalkyl.

In certain embodiments,

Y is chosen from aryl and heteroaryl, either of which may be optionallysubstituted with one to three R² groups each independently chosen fromalkoxy, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylmethoxy, haloalkoxy, alkyl, halo, andhaloalkyl; and

Z is chosen from phenyl and pyridinyl, either of which may be optionallysubstituted with one to three R³ groups each independently chosen fromalkoxy, alkyl, alkylamino, halo, and haloalkyl.

In certain embodiments, Y is chosen from phenyl, thienyl, and thiazolyl,any of which may be optionally substituted with one to three R² groupseach independently chosen from alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylmethoxy,haloalkoxy, alkyl, halo, and haloalkyl.

In certain embodiments, R⁴ and R⁵ are chosen from the followingcombinations:

R⁴ and R⁵ are each methyl;

R⁴ and R⁵ are each ethyl; and

R⁴ is methyl and R⁵ is ethyl.

In certain embodiments,

Y is phenyl, substituted with an R² group chosen from alkoxy,cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylmethoxy, haloalkoxy, alkyl, halo, and haloalkyl;and

Z is phenyl, substituted with one or two R³ groups chosen from alkoxy,alkyl, alkylamino, halo, and haloalkyl.

In certain embodiments, Y is meta-substituted with an R² group chosenfrom alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylmethoxy, and haloalkoxy.

In certain embodiments, Y is meta-substituted with an R² group chosenfrom methoxy, trifluoromethoxy, ethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy,isopropoxy, isobutoxy, cyclopropoxy, cyclobutoxy, cyclopentoxy,cyclopropylmethoxy, cyclobutylmethoxy, and cyclopentylmethoxy.

In certain embodiments, Z is ortho-substituted with an R³ group chosenfrom alkoxy, alkyl, alkylamino, halo, and haloalkyl.

In certain embodiments, Z is ortho-substituted with halo.

In certain embodiments, Z is ortho-substituted with chloro.

In certain embodiments, R⁶ is H.

In certain embodiments,

Y is thienyl, substituted with an R² group chosen from alkoxy,cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylmethoxy, haloalkoxy, alkyl, halo, and haloalkyl;and

Z is phenyl, substituted with one or two R³ groups chosen from alkoxy,alkyl, alkylamino, halo, and haloalkyl.

In certain embodiments, Y is substituted with an R² group chosen fromalkoxy, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylmethoxy, and haloalkoxy.

In certain embodiments, Y is substituted with an R² group chosen frommethoxy, isopropoxy, isobutoxy, and cyclopropoxy.

In certain embodiments, Z is ortho-substituted with an R³ group chosenfrom alkoxy, alkyl, alkylamino, halo, and haloalkyl.

In certain embodiments, Z is ortho-substituted with halo.

In certain embodiments, Z is ortho-substituted with chloro.

In certain embodiments, R⁶ is H.

In certain embodiments,

Y is thiazolyl, substituted with one R² group chosen from alkoxy,cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylmethoxy, haloalkoxy, alkyl, halo, and haloalkyl;and

Z is phenyl, substituted with one or two R³ groups chosen from alkoxy,alkyl, alkylamino, halo, and haloalkyl.

In certain embodiments, Y is substituted with one R² group chosen fromalkoxy, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylmethoxy, and haloalkoxy.

In certain embodiments, Y is substituted with one R² group chosen frommethoxy, isopropoxy, isobutoxy, and cyclopropoxy.

In certain embodiments, Z is ortho-substituted with one R³ group chosenfrom alkoxy, alkyl, alkylamino, halo, and haloalkyl.

In certain embodiments, Z is ortho-substituted with one halo.

In certain embodiments, Z is ortho-substituted with one chloro.

In certain embodiments, R⁶ is H.

In certain embodiments, the compound is chosen from Examples 1-82 or asalt thereof, as disclosed herein.

Also provided are embodiments wherein any of embodiment above may becombined with any one or more of these embodiments, provided thecombination is not mutually exclusive.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

While it may be possible for the compounds of the subject disclosure tobe administered as the raw chemical, it is also possible to present themas a pharmaceutical formulation. Accordingly, provided herein arepharmaceutical formulations which comprise one or more of certaincompounds disclosed herein, or one or more pharmaceutically acceptablesalts, esters, prodrugs, amides, or solvates thereof, together with oneor more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers thereof and optionally oneor more other therapeutic ingredients. The carrier(s) must be“acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredientsof the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof. Properformulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. Any ofthe well-known techniques, carriers, and excipients may be used assuitable and as understood in the art; e.g., in Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences. The pharmaceutical compositions disclosedherein may be manufactured in any manner known in the art, e.g., bymeans of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making,levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or compressionprocesses.

The formulations include those suitable for oral, parenteral (includingsubcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intraarticular,and intramedullary), intraperitoneal, transmucosal, transdermal, rectaland topical (including dermal, buccal, sublingual and intraocular)administration although the most suitable route may depend upon forexample the condition and disorder of the recipient. The formulationsmay conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared byany of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Typically, thesemethods include the step of bringing into association a compound of thesubject disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide,prodrug or solvate thereof (“active ingredient”) with the carrier whichconstitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, theformulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing intoassociation the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely dividedsolid carriers or both and then, if necessary, shaping the product intothe desired formulation.

Compounds described herein can be administered as follows:

Oral Administration

The compounds of the present invention may be administered orally,including swallowing, so the compound enters the gastrointestinal tract,or is absorbed into the blood stream directly from the mouth, includingsublingual or buccal administration.

Suitable compositions for oral administration include solid formulationssuch as tablets, pills, cachets, lozenges and hard or soft capsules,which can contain liquids, gels, powders, or granules.

In a tablet or capsule dosage form the amount of drug present may befrom about 0.05% to about 95% by weight, more typically from about 2% toabout 50% by weight of the dosage form.

In addition, tablets or capsules may contain a disintegrant, comprisingfrom about 0.5% to about 35% by weight, more typically from about 2% toabout 25% of the dosage form. Examples of disintegrants include methylcellulose, sodium or calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, croscarmellosesodium, polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropyl cellulose, starch and thelike.

Suitable binders, for use in a tablet, include gelatin, polyethyleneglycol, sugars, gums, starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose and the like.Suitable diluents, for use in a tablet, include mannitol, xylitol,lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol and starch.

Suitable surface active agents and glidants, for use in a tablet orcapsule, may be present in amounts from about 0.1% to about 3% byweight, and include polysorbate 80, sodium dodecyl sulfate, talc andsilicon dioxide.

Suitable lubricants, for use in a tablet or capsule, may be present inamounts from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight, and include calcium, zincor magnesium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate and the like.

Tablets may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one ormore accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared bycompressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in afree-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed withbinders, inert diluents, or lubricating, surface active or dispersingagents. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine amixture of the powdered compound moistened with a liquid diluent. Dyesor pigments may be added to tablets for identification or tocharacterize different combinations of active compound doses.

Liquid formulations can include emulsions, solutions, syrups, elixirsand suspensions, which can be used in soft or hard capsules. Suchformulations may include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, forexample, water, ethanol, polyethylene glycol, cellulose, or an oil. Theformulation may also include one or more emulsifying agents and/orsuspending agents.

Compositions for oral administration may be formulated as immediate ormodified release, including delayed or sustained release, optionallywith enteric coating.

In another embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition comprises atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier.

Parenteral Administration

Compounds of the present invention may be administered directly into theblood stream, muscle, or internal organs by injection, e.g., by bolusinjection or continuous infusion. Suitable means for parenteraladministration include intravenous, intra-muscular, subcutaneousintraarterial, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intracranial, and the like.Suitable devices for parenteral administration include injectors(including needle and needle-free injectors) and infusion methods. Theformulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, forexample sealed ampoules and vials.

Most parenteral formulations are aqueous solutions containingexcipients, including salts, buffering, suspending, stabilizing and/ordispersing agents, antioxidants, bacteriostats, preservatives, andsolutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of theintended recipient, and carbohydrates.

Parenteral formulations may also be prepared in a dehydrated form (e.g.,by lyophilization) or as sterile non-aqueous solutions. Theseformulations can be used with a suitable vehicle, such as sterile water.Solubility-enhancing agents may also be used in preparation ofparenteral solutions.

Compositions for parenteral administration may be formulated asimmediate or modified release, including delayed or sustained release.Compounds may also be formulated as depot preparations. Such long actingformulations may be administered by implantation (for examplesubcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection. Thus,for example, the compounds may be formulated with suitable polymeric orhydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil)or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, forexample, as a sparingly soluble salt.

Topical Administration

Compounds of the present invention may be administered topically (forexample to the skin, mucous membranes, ear, nose, or eye) ortransdermally. Formulations for topical administration can include, butare not limited to, lotions, solutions, creams, gels, hydrogels,ointments, foams, implants, patches and the like. Carriers that arepharmaceutically acceptable for topical administration formulations caninclude water, alcohol, mineral oil, glycerin, polyethylene glycol andthe like. Topical administration can also be performed by, for example,electroporation, iontophoresis, phonophoresis and the like.

Typically, the active ingredient for topical administration may comprisefrom 0.001% to 10% w/w (by weight) of the formulation. In certainembodiments, the active ingredient may comprise as much as 10% w/w; lessthan 5% w/w; from 2% w/w to 5% w/w; or from 0.1% to 1% w/w of theformulation.

Compositions for topical administration may be formulated as immediateor modified release, including delayed or sustained release.

Rectal, Buccal, and Sublingual Administration

Suppositories for rectal administration of the compounds of the presentinvention can be prepared by mixing the active agent with a suitablenon-irritating excipient such as cocoa butter, synthetic mono-, di-, ortriglycerides, fatty acids, or polyethylene glycols which are solid atordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature, and whichwill therefore melt in the rectum and release the drug.

For buccal or sublingual administration, the compositions may take theform of tablets, lozenges, pastilles, or gels formulated in conventionalmanner. Such compositions may comprise the active ingredient in aflavored basis such as sucrose and acacia or tragacanth.

Administration by Inhalation

For administration by inhalation, compounds may be convenientlydelivered from an insufflator, nebulizer pressurized packs or otherconvenient means of delivering an aerosol spray or powder. Pressurizedpacks may comprise a suitable propellant such asdichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane,dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In thecase of a pressurized aerosol, the dosage unit may be determined byproviding a valve to deliver a metered amount. Alternatively, foradministration by inhalation or insufflation, the compounds according tothe disclosure may take the form of a dry powder composition, forexample a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such aslactose or starch. The powder composition may be presented in unitdosage form, in for example, capsules, cartridges, gelatin or blisterpacks from which the powder may be administered with the aid of aninhalator or insufflator.

Other carrier materials and modes of administration known in thepharmaceutical art may also be used. Pharmaceutical compositions of theinvention may be prepared by any of the well-known techniques ofpharmacy, such as effective formulation and administration procedures.Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing an effectivedose, as herein recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of theactive ingredient. The precise amount of compound administered to apatient will be the responsibility of the attendant physician. Thespecific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon avariety of factors including the activity of the specific compoundemployed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diets, time ofadministration, route of administration, rate of excretion, drugcombination, the precise disorder being treated, and the severity of theindication or condition being treated. In addition, the route ofadministration may vary depending on the condition and its severity. Theabove considerations concerning effective formulations andadministration procedures are well known in the art and are described instandard textbooks. Formulation of drugs is discussed in, for example,Hoover, John E., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack PublishingCo., Easton, Pa., 1975; Liberman, et al., Eds., Pharmaceutical DosageForms, Marcel Decker, New York, N.Y., 1980; and Kibbe, et al., Eds.,Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (3^(rd) Ed.), AmericanPharmaceutical Association, Washington, 1999.

Accordingly, also provided herein is a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound as disclosed herein, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,adjuvant, or vehicle.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated fororal administration. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceuticalcomposition is formulated for parenteral administration. In certainembodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated forintravenous administration.

Methods of Receptor Modulation and Treatment

The present disclosure provides compounds and pharmaceuticalcompositions that inhibit glutaminase activity, particularly MCT4activity and are thus useful in the treatment or prevention of disordersassociated with MCT4. Compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of thepresent disclosure selectively modulate MCT4 and are thus useful in thetreatment or prevention of a range of disorders associated with MCT4 andinclude, but are not limited to, proliferative and inflammatorydiseases.

Accordingly, provided herein is a method for inhibiting activity of themonocarboxylate transporter MCT4, or a mutant thereof, in a biologicalsample comprising the step of contacting said biological sample with acompound as disclosed herein, or a salt thereof.

Also provided herein is a method for inhibiting activity of themonocarboxylate transporter MCT4, or a mutant thereof, in a patientcomprising the step of administering to the patient a compound asdisclosed herein, or a salt thereof.

Also provided herein is a method for selectively inhibiting activity ofthe monocarboxylate transporter MCT4, or a mutant thereof, over themonocarboxylate transporter MCT1, or a mutant thereof, in a patientcomprising the step of administering to the patient a compound asdisclosed herein, or a salt thereof.

In certain embodiments, the inhibition is at least 100-fold selectivefor MCT4 over MCT1.

Cancer

In certain embodiments, the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions ofthe present disclosure may be useful in the treatment or prevention ofcancer.

In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure may beused to prevent or treat cancer, wherein the cancer is one or a variantof Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML),Adrenocortical Carcinoma, AIDS-Related Cancers (Kaposi Sarcoma andLymphoma), Anal Cancer, Appendix Cancer, Atypical Teratoid/RhabdoidTumor, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Bile Duct Cancer (including Extrahepatic),Bladder Cancer, Bone Cancer (including Osteosarcoma and MalignantFibrous Histiocytoma), Brain Tumor (such as Astrocytomas, Brain andSpinal Cord Tumors, Brain Stem Glioma, Central Nervous System AtypicalTeratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor, Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors,Craniopharyngioma, Ependymoblastoma, Ependymoma, Medulloblastoma,Medulloepithelioma, Pineal Parenchymal Tumors of IntermediateDifferentiation, Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors andPineoblastoma), Breast Cancer, Bronchial Tumors, Burkitt Lymphoma, BasalCell Carcinoma, Bile Duct Cancer (including Extrahepatic), BladderCancer, Bone Cancer (including Osteosarcoma and Malignant FibrousHistiocytoma), Carcinoid Tumor, Carcinoma of Unknown Primary, CentralNervous System (such as Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor, EmbryonalTumors and Lymphoma), Cervical Cancer, Childhood Cancers, Chordoma,Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML),Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders, Colon Cancer, Colorectal Cancer,Craniopharyngioma, Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma (Mycosis Fungoides andSézary Syndrome), Duct, Bile (Extrahepatic), Ductal Carcinoma In Situ(DCIS), Embryonal Tumors (Central Nervous System), Endometrial Cancer,Ependymoblastoma, Ependymoma, Esophageal Cancer, Esthesioneuroblastoma,Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors, Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor,Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor, Extrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer, Eye Cancer(like Intraocular Melanoma, Retinoblastoma), Fibrous Histiocytoma ofBone (including Malignant and Osteosarcoma) Gallbladder Cancer, Gastric(Stomach) Cancer, Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor, GastrointestinalStromal Tumors (GIST), Germ Cell Tumor (Extracranial, Extragonadal,Ovarian), Gestational Trophoblastic Tumor, Glioma, Hairy Cell Leukemia,Head and Neck Cancer, Heart Cancer, Hepatocellular (Liver) Cancer,Histiocytosis, Langerhans Cell, Hodgkin Lymphoma, Hypopharyngeal Cancer,Intraocular Melanoma, Islet Cell Tumors (Endocrine, Pancreas), KaposiSarcoma, Kidney (including Renal Cell), Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis,Laryngeal Cancer, Leukemia (including Acute Lymphoblastic (ALL), AcuteMyeloid (AML), Chronic Lymphocytic (CLL), Chronic Myelogenous (CML),Hairy Cell), Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer, Liver Cancer (Primary), LobularCarcinoma In Situ (LCIS), Lung Cancer (Non-Small Cell and Small Cell),Lymphoma (AIDS-Related, Burkitt, Cutaneous T-Cell (Mycosis Fungoides andSézary Syndrome), Hodgkin, Non-Hodgkin, Primary Central Nervous System(CNS), Macroglobulinemia, Waldenström, Male Breast Cancer, MalignantFibrous Histiocytoma of Bone and Osteosarcoma, Medulloblastoma,Medulloepithelioma, Melanoma (including Intraocular (Eye)), Merkel CellCarcinoma, Mesothelioma (Malignant), Metastatic Squamous Neck Cancerwith Occult Primary, Midline Tract Carcinoma Involving NUT Gene, MouthCancer, Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes, Multiple Myeloma/PlasmaCell Neoplasm, Mycosis Fungoides, Myelodysplastic Syndromes,Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Myelogenous Leukemia,Chronic (CML), Myeloid Leukemia, Acute (AML), Myeloma and MultipleMyeloma, Myeloproliferative Disorders (Chronic), Nasal Cavity andParanasal Sinus Cancer, Nasopharyngeal Cancer, Neuroblastoma,Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Oral Cancer, OralCavity Cancer, Lip and, Oropharyngeal Cancer, Osteosarcoma and MalignantFibrous Histiocytoma of Bone, Ovarian Cancer (such as Epithelial, GermCell Tumor, and Low Malignant Potential Tumor), Pancreatic Cancer(including Islet Cell Tumors), Papillomatosis, Paraganglioma, ParanasalSinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer, Parathyroid Cancer, Penile Cancer,Pharyngeal Cancer, Pheochromocytoma, Pineal Parenchymal Tumors ofIntermediate Differentiation, Pineoblastoma and Supratentorial PrimitiveNeuroectodermal Tumors, Pituitary Tumor, Plasma Cell Neoplasm/MultipleMyeloma, Pleuropulmonary Blastoma, Pregnancy and Breast Cancer, PrimaryCentral Nervous System (CNS) Lymphoma, Prostate Cancer, Rectal Cancer,Renal Cell (Kidney) Cancer, Renal Pelvis and Ureter, Transitional CellCancer, Retinoblastoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Salivary Gland Cancer, Sarcoma(like Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors, Kaposi, Soft Tissue, Uterine),Sézary Syndrome, Skin Cancer (such as Melanoma, Merkel Cell Carcinoma,Nonmelanoma), Small Cell Lung Cancer, Small Intestine Cancer, SoftTissue Sarcoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Squamous Neck Cancer withOccult Primary, Metastatic, Stomach (Gastric) Cancer, SupratentorialPrimitive Neuroectodermal Tumors, T-Cell Lymphoma (Cutaneous, MycosisFungoides and Sézary Syndrome), Testicular Cancer, Throat Cancer,Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma, Thyroid Cancer, Transitional Cell Cancerof the Renal Pelvis and Ureter, Trophoblastic Tumor (Gestational),Unknown Primary, Unusual Cancers of Childhood, Ureter and Renal Pelvis,Transitional Cell Cancer, Urethral Cancer, Uterine Cancer, Endometrial,Uterine Sarcoma, Waldenström Macroglobulinemia or Wilms Tumor.

In certain embodiments, the cancer to be treated is one specific toT-cells such as T-cell lymphoma and lymphoblastic T-cell leukemia.

In certain embodiments, the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions ofthe present disclosure may be useful in the treatment or prevention ofan inflammatory disease.

In certain embodiments, methods described herein are used to treat adisease condition comprising administering to a subject in need thereofa therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the condition iscancer which has developed resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and/orionizing radiation.

Inflammatory Disease

In certain embodiments, the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions ofthe present disclosure may be useful in the treatment or prevention ofinflammatory disease.

In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure may beused to prevent or treat inflammatory disease, wherein the inflammatorydisease is one or a variant of acid-induced lung injury, acne (PAPA),acute respiratory distress syndrome, Addison's disease, adrenalhyperplasia, adrenocortical insufficiency, ageing, AIDS, alcoholichepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, allergen induced asthma, allergicbronchopulmonary aspergillosis, allergic conjunctivitis, alopecia,Alzheimer's disease, amyloidosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, anginapectoris, angioedema, anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (e.g. with immunedeficiency), ankylosing spondylitis, anterior segment inflammation,antiphospholipid syndrome, aphthous stomatitis, appendicitis, asthma,atherosclerosis, atopic dermatitis, autoimmune diseases, autoimmunehepatitis, bee sting-induced inflammation, Behcet's disease, Bell'sPalsy, berylliosis, Blau syndrome, bone pain, bronchiolitis, burns,bursitis, cardiac hypertrophy, carpal tunnel syndrome, catabolicdisorders, cataracts, cerebral aneurysm, chemical irritant-inducedinflammation, chorioretinitis, chronic heart failure, chronic lungdisease of prematurity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, colitis,complex regional pain syndrome, connective tissue disease, cornealulcer, Crohn's disease, cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes,cryptococcosis, cystic fibrosis, deficiency of theinterleukin-1-receptor antagonist, dermatitis, dermatitis endotoxemia,dermatomyositis, endometriosis, endotoxemia, epicondylitis,erythroblastopenia, familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy, familial coldurticaria, familial Mediterranean fever, fetal growth retardation,glaucoma, glomerular disease, glomerular nephritis, gout, goutyarthritis, graft-versus-host disease, gut diseases, head injury,headache, hearing loss, heart disease, hemolytic anemia, Henoch-Scholeinpurpura, hepatitis, hereditary periodic fever syndrome, herpes zosterand simplex, HIV-1, Huntington's disease, hyaline membrane disease,hyperammonemia, hypercalcemia, hypercholesterolemia,hyperimmunoglobulinemia D with recurrent fever, hypoplastic and otheranemias, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic thrombocytopenicpurpura, incontinentia pigmenti, infectious mononucleosis, inflammatorybowel disease, inflammatory lung disease, inflammatory neuropathy,inflammatory pain, insect bite-induced inflammation, iritis,ischemia/reperfusion, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, keratitis, kidneydisease, kidney injury caused by parasitic infections, kidney transplantrejection prophylaxis, leptospirosis, Loeffler's syndrome, lung injury,lupus, lupus nephritis, meningitis, mesothelioma, mixed connectivetissue disease, Muckle-Wells syndrome (urticaria deafness amyloidosis),multiple sclerosis, muscle wasting, muscular dystrophy, myastheniagravis, myocarditis, mycosis fungoides, myelodysplastic syndrome,myositis, nasal sinusitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, neonatal onsetmultisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID), nephrotic syndrome, neuritis,neuropathological diseases, non-allergen induced asthma, obesity, ocularallergy, optic neuritis, organ transplant, osteoarthritis, otitis media,Paget's disease, pain, pancreatitis, Parkinson's disease, pemphigus,pericarditis, periodic fever, periodontitis, pertussis, perineal orperitoneal endometriosis, pharyngitis and adenitis (PFAPA syndrome),plant irritant-induced inflammation, pneumocystis infection, pneumonia,pneumonitis, poison ivy/urushiol oil-induced inflammation, polyarteritisnodosa, polychondritis, polycystic kidney disease, polymyositis,psoriasis, psychosocial stress disease, pulmonary disease, pulmonaryfibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, pyoderma gangrenosum, pyogenic sterilearthritis, renal disease, retinal disease, rheumatic disease, rheumatoidarthritis, rheumatic carditis, sarcoidosis, sebborrhea, sepsis, severepain, sickle cell, sickle cell anemia, silica-induced diseases,Sjogren's syndrome, skin diseases, sleep apnea, spinal cord injury,Stevens-Johnson syndrome, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, sunburn,systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), temporal arteritis, tenosynovitis,thrombocytopenia, thyroiditis, tissue transplant, TNF receptorassociated periodic syndrome (TRAPS), Toxoplasmosis, transplant,traumatic brain injury, tuberculosis, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes,ulcerative colitis, urticaria, uveitis, Wegener's granulomatosis, andweight loss.

A method for treating a monocarboxylate transporter MCT4-mediateddisorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising the step ofadministering to said patient a compound as disclosed herein, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In certain embodiments, the subject is a human.

In certain embodiments, the moncarboxylate transporter MCT4-mediateddisorder is chosen from an inflammatory disorder and a proliferativedisorder.

In certain embodiments, the moncarboxylate transporter MCT4-mediateddisorder is a proliferative disorder.

In certain embodiments, the proliferative disorder is cancer.

In certain embodiments, the cancer is chosen from adenocarcinoma, adultT-cell leukemia/lymphoma, bladder cancer, blastoma, bone cancer, breastcancer, brain cancer, carcinoma, myeloid sarcoma, cervical cancer,colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, gastrointestinal cancer,glioblastoma multiforme, glioma, gallbladder cancer, gastric cancer,head and neck cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma,intestinal cancer, kidney cancer, laryngeal cancer, leukemia, lungcancer, lymphoma, liver cancer, small cell lung cancer, non-small celllung cancer, mesothelioma, multiple myeloma, ocular cancer, optic nervetumor, oral cancer, ovarian cancer, pituitary tumor, primary centralnervous system lymphoma, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, pharyngealcancer, renal cell carcinoma, rectal cancer, sarcoma, skin cancer,spinal tumor, small intestine cancer, stomach cancer, T-cell lymphoma,testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, throat cancer, urogenital cancer,urothelial carcinoma, uterine cancer, vaginal cancer, and Wilms' tumor.

In certain embodiments, the moncarboxylate transporter MCT4-mediateddisorder is an inflammatory disorder.

In certain embodiments, the inflammatory disorder is chosen from Crohn'sdisease, ulcerative colitis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, musculardystrophy, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic sclerosis (scleroderma).

Also provided herein is a method of treating a monocarboxylatetransporter MCT4-mediated disorder in a subject in need thereof,comprising the sequential or co-administration of a compound asdisclosed herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, andanother therapeutic agent.

In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a protein kinaseinhibitor.

In certain embodiments, the protein kinase inhibitor is chosen fromAurora B, EGFR, PLK-1, CDKs inhibitors.

In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent is chosen from anantimetabolite, bcr-abl inhibitor, DNA damaging agent, EGFR inhibitor,microtubule stabilizing inhibitor, mitotic arrest inhibitor, S-phaseinhibitor, and a taxane.

In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a DNA damaging agentchosen from an alkylating agent, anthracycline, antimetabolite agent,crosslinking agent, DNA replication inhibitor, intercalator, microtubuledisruptor, PARP inhibitor, radiomimetic agent, radiosensitizer, strandbreak agent, and topoisomerase II inhibitor.

In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent is chosen fromaminoglutethimide, amsacrine, anastrozole, asparaginase, barasertib,bcg, bicalutamide, bleomycin, buserelin, busulfan, campothecin,capecitabine, carboplatin, carmustine, chlorambucil, chloroquine,cisplatin, cladribine, clodronate, colchicine, cyclophosphamide,cyproterone, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin,demethoxyviridin, dichloroacetate, dienestrol, diethylstilbestrol,docetaxel, doxorubicin, epirubicin, estradiol, estramustine, etoposide,everolimus, exemestane, filgrastim, fludarabine, fludrocortisone,fluorouracil, fluoxymesterone, flutamide, gemcitabine, genistein,goserelin, hydroxyurea, idarubicin, ifosfamide, imatinib, interferon,irinotecan, ironotecan, letrozole, leucovorin, leuprolide, levamisole,lomustine, lonidamine, mechlorethamine, medroxyprogesterone, megestrol,melphalan, mercaptopurine, mesna, metformin, methotrexate, mitomycin,mitotane, mitoxantrone, nilutamide, nocodazole, olaparib, octreotide,oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, pamidronate, pentostatin, perifosine,plicamycin, porfimer, procarbazine, raltitrexed, rituximab, sorafenib,streptozocin, sunitinib, suramin, tamoxifen, temozolomide, temsirolimus,teniposide, testosterone, thioguanine, thiotepa, titanocene dichloride,topotecan, trastuzumab, tretinoin, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine,and vinorelbine.

In certain embodiments, the method further comprises administeringnon-chemical methods of cancer treatment.

In certain embodiments, the method further comprises administeringradiation therapy.

In certain embodiments, the method further comprises administeringsurgery, thermoablation, focused ultrasound therapy, cryotherapy, or anycombination thereof.

Also provided herein is a compound as disclosed herein, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in human therapy.

Also provided herein is a compound as disclosed herein, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in treating amonocarboxylate transporter MCT4-mediated disorder, for example asdisclosed in any of the embodiments and paragraphs above pertaining tomethods of treatment.

Also provided herein is the use of a compound as disclosed herein, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of amedicament to treat a monocarboxylate transporter MCT4-mediateddisorder, for example as disclosed in any of the embodiments andparagraphs above pertaining to methods of treatment.

Combinations and Combination Therapy

The compounds of the present invention can be used, alone or incombination with other pharmaceutically active compounds, to treatconditions such as those previously described hereinabove. Thecompound(s) of the present invention and other pharmaceutically activecompound(s) can be administered simultaneously (either in the samedosage form or in separate dosage forms) or sequentially. Accordingly,in one embodiment, the present invention comprises methods for treatinga condition by administering to the subject a therapeutically-effectiveamount of one or more compounds of the present invention and one or moreadditional pharmaceutically active compounds.

In another embodiment, there is provided a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising one or more compounds of the present invention, one or moreadditional pharmaceutically active compounds, and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier.

In another embodiment, the one or more additional pharmaceuticallyactive compounds is selected from the group consisting of anti-cancerdrugs, anti-proliferative drugs, and anti-inflammatory drugs.

MCT4 inhibitor compositions described herein are also optionally used incombination with other therapeutic reagents that are selected for theirtherapeutic value for the condition to be treated. In general, thecompounds described herein and, in embodiments where combination therapyis employed, other agents do not have to be administered in the samepharmaceutical composition and, because of different physical andchemical characteristics, are optionally administered by differentroutes. The initial administration is generally made according toestablished protocols and then, based upon the observed effects, thedosage, modes of administration and times of administration subsequentlymodified. In certain instances, it is appropriate to administer a MCT4inhibitor compound, as described herein, in combination with anothertherapeutic agent. By way of example only, the therapeutic effectivenessof a MCT4 inhibitor is enhanced by administration of another therapeuticagent (which also includes a therapeutic regimen) that also hastherapeutic benefit. Regardless of the disease, disorder or conditionbeing treated, the overall benefit experienced by the patient is eithersimply additive of the two therapeutic agents or the patient experiencesan enhanced (i.e., synergistic) benefit. Alternatively, if a compounddisclosed herein has a side effect, it may be appropriate to administeran agent to reduce the side effect; or the therapeutic effectiveness ofa compound described herein may be enhanced by administration of anadjuvant.

Therapeutically effective dosages vary when the drugs are used intreatment combinations. Methods for experimentally determiningtherapeutically effective dosages of drugs and other agents for use incombination treatment regimens are documented methodologies. Combinationtreatment further includes periodic treatments that start and stop atvarious times to assist with the clinical management of the patient. Inany case, the multiple therapeutic agents (one of which is a MCT4inhibitor as described herein) may be administered in any order, orsimultaneously. If simultaneously, the multiple therapeutic agents areoptionally provided in a single, unified form, or in multiple forms (byway of example only, either as a single pill or as two separate pills).

In certain embodiments, one of the therapeutic agents is given inmultiple doses, or both are given as multiple doses. If notsimultaneous, the timing between the multiple doses optionally variesfrom more than zero weeks to less than twelve weeks.

In addition, the combination methods, compositions and formulations arenot to be limited to the use of only two agents, the use of multipletherapeutic combinations are also envisioned. It is understood that thedosage regimen to treat, prevent, or ameliorate the condition(s) forwhich relief is sought, is optionally modified in accordance with avariety of factors. These factors include the disorder from which thesubject suffers, as well as the age, weight, sex, diet, and medicalcondition of the subject. Thus, the dosage regimen actually employedvaries widely, In certain embodiments, and therefore deviates from thedosage regimens set forth herein.

The pharmaceutical agents which make up the combination therapydisclosed herein are optionally a combined dosage form or in separatedosage forms intended for substantially simultaneous administration. Thepharmaceutical agents that make up the combination therapy areoptionally also administered sequentially, with either agent beingadministered by a regimen calling for two-step administration. Thetwo-step administration regimen optionally calls for sequentialadministration of the active agents or spaced-apart administration ofthe separate active agents. The time between the multiple administrationsteps ranges from a few minutes to several hours, depending upon theproperties of each pharmaceutical agent, such as potency, solubility,bioavailability, plasma half-life and kinetic profile of thepharmaceutical agent.

In another embodiment, a MCT4 inhibitor is optionally used incombination with procedures that provide additional benefit to thepatient. A MCT4 inhibitor and any additional therapies are optionallyadministered before, during or after the occurrence of a disease orcondition, and the timing of administering the composition containing aMCT4 inhibitor varies in some embodiments. Thus, for example, a MCT4inhibitor is used as a prophylactic and is administered continuously tosubjects with a propensity to develop conditions or diseases in order toprevent the occurrence of the disease or condition. A MCT4 inhibitor andcompositions are optionally administered to a subject during or as soonas possible after the onset of the symptoms. While embodiments of thepresent invention have been shown and described herein, it will beobvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are providedby way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutionswill now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from theinvention. It should be understood that in some embodiments of theinvention various alternatives to the embodiments described herein areemployed in practicing the invention.

A MCT4 inhibitor can be used in combination with anti-cancer drugs,including but not limited to the following classes: alkylating agents,anti-metabolites, plant alkaloids and terpenoids, topoisomeraseinhibitors, cytotoxic antibiotics, angiogenesis inhibitors and tyrosinekinase inhibitors.

For use in cancer and neoplastic diseases a MCT4 inhibitor may beoptimally used together with one or more of the following non-limitingexamples of anti-cancer agents: (1) alkylating agents, including but notlimited to cisplatin (PLATIN), carboplatin (PARAPLATIN), oxaliplatin(ELOXATIN), streptozocin (ZANOSAR), busulfan (MYLERAN) andcyclophosphamide (ENDOXAN); (2) anti-metabolites, including but notlimited to mercaptopurine (PURINETHOL), thioguanine, pentostatin(NIPENT), cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C), gemcitabine (GEMZAR),fluorouracil (CARAC), leucovorin (FUSILEV) and methotrexate(RHEUMATREX); (3) plant alkaloids and terpenoids, including but notlimited to vincristine (ONCOVIN), vinblastine and paclitaxel (TAXOL);(4) topoisomerase inhibitors, including but not limited to irinotecan(CAMPTOSAR), topotecan (HYCAMTIN) and etoposide (EPOSIN); (5) cytotoxicantibiotics, including but not limited to actinomycin D (COSMEGEN),doxorubicin (ADRIAMYCIN), bleomycin (BLENOXANE) and mitomycin (MITOSOL);(6) angiogenesis inhibitors, including but not limited to sunitinib(SUTENT) and bevacizumab (AVASTIN); and (7) tyrosine kinase inhibitors,including but not limited to imatinib (GLEEVEC), erlotinib (TARCEVA),lapatininb (TYKERB) and axitinib (INLYTA).

Where a subject is suffering from or at risk of suffering from aninflammatory condition, a MCT4 inhibitor compound described herein isoptionally used together with one or more agents or methods for treatingan inflammatory condition in any combination. Therapeuticagents/treatments for treating an autoimmune and/or inflammatorycondition include, but are not limited to any of the following examples:(1) corticosteroids, including but not limited to cortisone,dexamethasone, and methylprednisolone; (2) nonsteroidalanti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including but not limited toibuprofen, naproxen, acetaminophen, aspirin, fenoprofen (NALFON),flurbiprofen (ANSAID), ketoprofen, oxaprozin (DAYPRO), diclofenac sodium(VOLTAREN), diclofenac potassium (CATAFLAM), etodolac (LODINE),indomethacin (INDOCIN), ketorolac (TORADOL), sulindac (CLINORIL),tolmetin (TOLECTIN), meclofenamate (MECLOMEN), mefenamic acid (PONSTEL),nabumetone (RELAFEN) and piroxicam (FELDENE); (3) immunosuppressants,including but not limited to methotrexate (RHEUMATREX), leflunomide(ARAVA), azathioprine (IMURAN), cyclosporine (NEORAL, SANDIMMUNE),tacrolimus and cyclophosphamide (CYTOXAN); (4) CD20 blockers, includingbut not limited to rituximab (RITUXAN); (5) Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)blockers, including but not limited to etanercept (ENBREL), infliximab(REMICADE) and adalimumab (HUMIRA); (6) interleukin-1 receptorantagonists, including but not limited to anakinra (KINERET); (7)interleukin-6 inhibitors, including but not limited to tocilizumab(ACTEMRA); (8) interleukin-17 inhibitors, including but not limited toAIN457; (9) Janus kinase inhibitors, including but not limited totasocitinib; and (10) syk inhibitors, including but not limited tofostamatinib.

Accordingly, also provided herein is a method of treating amonocarboxylate transporter MCT4-mediated disorder in a subject in needthereof, comprising the sequential or co-administration of a compound asdisclosed herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, andanother therapeutic agent.

In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a protein kinaseinhibitor.

In certain embodiments, the protein kinase inhibitor is chosen fromAurora B, EGFR, PLK-1, CDKs inhibitors.

In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent is chosen from anantimetabolite, bcr-abl inhibitor, DNA damaging agent, EGFR inhibitor,microtubule stabilizing inhibitor, mitotic arrest inhibitor, S-phaseinhibitor, and a taxane.

In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a DNA damaging agentchosen from an alkylating agent, anthracycline, antimetabolite agent,crosslinking agent, DNA replication inhibitor, intercalator, microtubuledisruptor, PARP inhibitor, radiomimetic agent, radiosensitizer, strandbreak agent, and topoisomerase II inhibitor.

In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent is chosen fromaminoglutethimide, amsacrine, anastrozole, asparaginase, barasertib,bcg, bicalutamide, bleomycin, buserelin, busulfan, campothecin,capecitabine, carboplatin, carmustine, chlorambucil, chloroquine,cisplatin, cladribine, clodronate, colchicine, cyclophosphamide,cyproterone, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin,demethoxyviridin, dichloroacetate, dienestrol, diethylstilbestrol,docetaxel, doxorubicin, epirubicin, estradiol, estramustine, etoposide,everolimus, exemestane, filgrastim, fludarabine, fludrocortisone,fluorouracil, fluoxymesterone, flutamide, gemcitabine, genistein,goserelin, hydroxyurea, idarubicin, ifosfamide, imatinib, interferon,irinotecan, ironotecan, letrozole, leucovorin, leuprolide, levamisole,lomustine, lonidamine, mechlorethamine, medroxyprogesterone, megestrol,melphalan, mercaptopurine, mesna, metformin, methotrexate, mitomycin,mitotane, mitoxantrone, nilutamide, nocodazole, olaparib, octreotide,oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, pamidronate, pentostatin, perifosine,plicamycin, porfimer, procarbazine, raltitrexed, rituximab, sorafenib,streptozocin, sunitinib, suramin, tamoxifen, temozolomide, temsirolimus,teniposide, testosterone, thioguanine, thiotepa, titanocene dichloride,topotecan, trastuzumab, tretinoin, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine,and vinorelbine.

In certain embodiments, the method further comprises administeringnon-chemical methods of cancer treatment.

In certain embodiments, the method further comprises administeringradiation therapy.

In certain embodiments, the method further comprises administeringsurgery, thermoablation, focused ultrasound therapy, cryotherapy, or anycombination thereof.

Compound Synthesis

Compounds of the present invention can be prepared using methodsillustrated in general synthetic schemes and experimental proceduresdetailed below. General synthetic schemes and experimental proceduresare presented for purposes of illustration and are not intended to belimiting. Starting materials used to prepare compounds of the presentinvention are commercially available or can be prepared using routinemethods known in the art.

List of Abbreviations

CD₃OD=deuterated methanol; CDCl₃=deuterated chloroform;DCM=dichloromethane; DMF=N,N-dimethylformamide; h=hour; LAH=lithiumaluminum hydride; MeOH=methanol; RT=room temperature; sat.=saturated;and THF=tetrahydrofuran.

Compounds and General Methods for Preparing them

The following schemes can be used to practice the present invention.Additional structural groups, including but not limited to those definedelsewhere in the specification and not shown in the compounds describedin the schemes can be incorporated to give various compounds disclosedherein, or intermediate compounds which can, after further manipulationsusing techniques known to those skilled in the art, be converted tocompounds of the present invention. Examples shown below furtherillustrate the invention.

General Synthetic Scheme for Pyrazoles

The general scheme above may be use to prepare compounds disclosedherein. In the scheme as depicted, R₁₀₀-R₁₀₃ will be understood by oneof skill in the art to be any appropriate group. For example, in certainembodiments, R₁₀₀ and R₁₀₁ may be independently chosen from aryl,cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl, any of which may beoptionally substituted. Likewise, in certain embodiments, R₁₀₂ and R₁₀₃may be independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, and halogen. R₁₀₀-R₁₀₃may also correspond to the groups defined in Formula I, II, or any otherformula disclosed herein.

Synthetic Scheme for2-[[1-[(3-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-phenyl-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoicacid

Example 1:2-[[1-[(3-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-phenyl-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoicacid.

(i) Methyl 1-[(3-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-phenyl-pyrazole-3-carboxylate.To a suspension of methyl 5-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate (1) (1.0 g,4.94 mmol) in toluene was added NaH (60%) (0.394 g, 9.88 mmol)portionwise under N₂ at room temperature, and stirring was continued for30 min. To the above mixture a solution of 3-chlorobenzyl bromide (0.96ml, 7.42 mmol) in toluene (3 mL) was added dropwise at 60° C. Thereaction mixture was stirred at 110° C. for 16 h. The mixture was cooledto room temperature and quenched with aq. NH₄Cl solution. The mixturewas partitioned with EtOAc (100 mL) and the organic layer was separated.The EtOAc layer was washed with brine (2×25 mL) and dried over Na₂SO₄,and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was chromatographed overSiO₂ (ISCO CombiFlash® Rf 200) using 0-50% gradient of EtOAc in hexaneto afford title compound (1.2 g, 75%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 3.95(s, 3H), 5.36 (s, 2H), 6.85-6.92 (m, 2H), 6.95-6.99 (m, 1H), 7.17-7.29(m, 4H). 7.35-7.48 (m, 3H).

(ii) [1-[(3-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-phenyl-pyrazol-3-yl]nethanol. Asolution of methyl1-[(3-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-phenyl-pyrazole-3-carboxylate (0.80 g, 2.45mmol) in anhydrous THF was cooled to 0° C. To the above mixture LAH(0.14 g, 3.67 mmol) was added portionwise, and stirring was continued at0° C. for 1.30 h. The mixture was quenched with water (0.15 mL) and 30%aq. NaOH solution (0.3 mL) at 0° C., and stirring was continued for 30min. The reaction mixture was filtered, the filter cake was washed withTHF (2×10 mL), and the filtrates were combined and evaporated todryness. The residue was chromatographed over SiO₂ (ISCO CombiFlash® Rf200) using 0-40% gradient of EtOAc in DCM to afford the title product(0.58 g 79%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 4.64-4.81 (d, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H),6.35 (s, 1H), 6.86-6.94 (m, 1H), 6.98-7.05 (m, 1H), 7.19-7.23 (m, 2H),7.26-7.35 (m, 2H), 7.39-7.46 (m 3H).

(iii) Methyl2-[[1-[(3-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-phenyl-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoate.To a solution of[1-[(3-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-phenyl-pyrazol-3-yl]methanol (0.288 g,0.964 mmol) DMF was added NaH (60%) (0.077 g, 1.93 mmol) portionwiseunder N₂ at room temperature, and stirring was continued for 30 min. Themixture was cooled to 0° C. and methyl 2-bromo-2-methyl-propanoate (0.16mL, 1.25 mmol) was added dropwise followed by NaI (0.143 g, 0.964 mmol).The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature gradually andstirred overnight. At the end of this period aq. NH₄Cl solution wasadded, and the mixture was partitioned with EtOAc (40 mL). The aqueouslayer was extracted with EtOAc (2×20 mL). The combined EtOAc layers werewashed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄, and the solvent was evaporated.The residue was chromatographed over SiO₂ (ISCO CombiFlash® Rf 200)using 0-50% gradient of EtOAc in hexanes to afford the title product asan oil (0.068 g, 38%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 1.56 (s, 6H). 3.68 (s,3H), 4.58 (s, 2H), 5.25 (s, 2H), 6.45 (s, 1H), 6.87-6.93 (m, 1H), 7.00(s, 1H), 7.16-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.34 (m, 2H), 7.34-7.42 (m, 3H).

(iv)2-[[1-[(3-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-phenyl-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoicacid. To a solution of2-[[1-[(3-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-phenyl-pyrazol-3-yl]-methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoate(0.068 g, 0.170 mmol) in a mixture of THF, MeOH, H₂O (2:1:1) (8 mL) wasadded lithium hydroxide monohydrate (0.035 g, 0.85 mmol) at RT andstirring was continued for further 3 h. At the end of this period thesolvent was evaporated and to the residue water (2 mL) was added andacidified with 1M citric acid. The mixture was partitioned with EtOAc(25 mL) and washed with water (10 mL) followed by brine (10 mL). TheEtOAc layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and solvent was removed byevaporation. The crude product was chromatographed over SiO₂ (ISCOCombiFlash® Rf 200) using 0-30% gradient of MeOH in DCM to afford thetitle product as white solid (0.032 g). ¹HNMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.56 (s, 6H),4.61 (s, 2H), 5.34 (s, 2H), 6.38 (s, 1H), 6.87-6.97 (m, 1H), 7.04 (s,1H), 7.18-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.35 (m, 2H), 7.35-7.45 (m, 3H).

Examples 2-50 were prepared analogously as described in Example 1.

TABLE 1 Example # Structure IUPAC Name and Analytical data  2

2-[[5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-[(4- chlorophenyl)methyl]pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 1.52 (s,6H), 4.54 (s, 2H0, 5.32 9s, 2H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 6.91-7.00 (m, 1H),7.21-7.30-(m, 2H), 7.31-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.48 (m 3H).  3

2-[[5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-[(2- chlorophenyl)methyl]pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 1.50 (s,6H), 4.58 (s, 2H), 5.41 (s, 2H), 6.56 (s, 1H), 6.72-6.80 (m, 1H),7.20-7.34 (m, 2H), 7.34-50 (m, 5H).  4

2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2- methyl-propanoic acid ¹H NMR(CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 1.51 (s, 6H), 4.58 (s, 2H), 5.40 (s, 2H), 6.55 (s,1H), 6.70-6.78 (m, 1H), 7.14-7.18 (m, 2H), 7-20-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.40(m, 3H).  5

2-[[5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-[(2,4- dichlorophenyl)methyl]pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 1.48 (s,6H), 4.58 (s, 2H), 5.40 (s, 2H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 6.73 (d, 1H), 7.20-7.38(m, 3H), 7.40-48 (m, 3H).  6

2-[[5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-[(2,4- dichlorophenyl)methyl]pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]acetic acid ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 3.80 (s, 2H), 4.509s, 2H), 5.30 (s, 2H), 6.50 (s, 1H), 6.60-80 (m, 1H), 7.20-70 (m, 6H). 7

2-[[1-Benzyl-5-(4- Chlorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 1.53 (s, 6H), 4.58 (s,2H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 6.51 (s, 1H), 6.90 (d, 2H), 7.18-7.50 (m, 7H).  8

2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5- phenyl-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 1.56 (s, 6H), 4.58 (s,2H), 5.41 (s, 2H), 6.56 (s, 1H), 6.75-6.78 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.30 (m, 4H),7.32-7.43 (m, 4H). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz) δ 1.54 (s, 6H), 4.58 9s, 2H),5.40 (s, 2H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 6.68-6.74 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.42 (m, 8H).  9

2-[[5-(2-Chlorophenyl)-1-[(2- chlorophenyl)methyl]pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 1.53 (s,6H), 4.58 (s, 2H), 5.28 (s, 2H), 6.43 (s, 1H), 6.78-7.81 (m, 1H),7.16-34 (m, 5H), 7.38-7.42 (m, 1H), 7.50-7.56 (m, 1H). 10

2-[[5-(3-Chlorophenyl)-1-[(2- chlorophenyl)methyl]pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 1.32 (S,6h) 4.58 (s, 2H), 5.42 (s, 2H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 6.67-6.80 (m, 1H),7.22-7.30 (m, 3H), 7.32-42 (m, 4H). 11

2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(m-tolyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl- propanoic acid ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400MHz) δ 1.58 (s, 6H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 4.61 (s, 2H), 5.42 (s, 2H), 6.39 (s,1H), 6.75-6.84 (m, 1H), 7.00-7.12 (m, 2H), 7.18-7.29 (4H), 7.29-7.38 (m,1H). 12

2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2- methyl-propanoic acid ¹H NMR(CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.58 (s, 6H), 4.64 (s, 2H), 5.48 (s, 2H), 6.42 (s,1H), 6.72-6.85 (m, 1H), 6.88-7.14 (m, 3H), 7.14-7.40 (m, 4H). 13

2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.58 (s,6H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 5.41 (s, 2H), 6.46 (s, 1H), 6.80-6.88 (m, 1H),7.17-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.38 (m, 1H), 7.39-7.47 (m, 1H), 7.49-7.54 (m,2H), 7.59-7.68 (m, 1H). 14

2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]- 2-methyl-propanoic acid ¹H NMR(CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.58 (s, 6H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 5.46 (s,2H), 6.42 (s, 1H), 6.74-6.81 (m, 2H), 6.82-6.88 (m, 1H), 6.89-6.94 (m,1H), 7.15-7023 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.37 (m, 2H). 15

2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5- cyclohexyl-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.16-1.42 (m, 4H), 1.54(s, 6H), 1.57-1.81 (m, 5H), 2.36-2051 (m, 1H), 2.76-2.91 (m, 1H), 4.56(s, 2H), 5.39 (s, 2H), 6.15 (s, 1H), 6.54-6.68 (m, 1H), 7.08-7.25 (m,2H), 7.31-7.44 (m, 1H). 16

2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5- cyclopentyl-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.22-1.64 (m, 10H),1.64-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.82-2.00 (m, 2H), 2.80-2.92 (m, 1H), 4.74 (s, 2H),5.40 (s, 2H), 6.10 (s, 1H), 6.58-6.62 (m, 1H), 7.10-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.38(d, 1H). 17

1-[[5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-[(2- chlorophenyl)methyl]pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]cyclopropanecarboxylic acid ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ1.18-1.32 (m, 3H), 1.64-1.80 (m, 1H), 4.61 (s, 2H), 5.42 (s, 2H), 6.52(s, 1H), 6.60-6.80 (m, 1H), 7.20-52 (m, 7H). 18

2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5- thiazol-2-yl-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.38 (m, 6H), 4.48 (s,2H), 5.61 (s, 2H), 6.55-6.65 (m, 1H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 7.09-7.16 (m, 1H),7.17-7.23 (m, 1H), 7.27-7.33 (d, 1H), 7.34-7.42 (m, 1H), 7.88-7.96 (d,1H). 19

2-[[5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-[(2- fluorophenyl)methyl]pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 1.48 (s,6H), 4.53 (s, 2H) 5.38 (s, 2H), 6.50 (s, 1H), 6.81-6.92 (m 1H),7.00-7.13 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.31 (m 1H), 7.34-7.48 (m 4H) 20

2-[[5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-[(2- chlorophenyl)methyl]pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanamide ¹H NMR (CD₃OD 400 MHz) δ 1.46 (s, 6H),4.58 (s, 2H), 5.40 (s, 2H), 6.52 (s, 1H), 6.71-6.76 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.58(m, 6H) 21

2-[[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4- pyridylmethyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid ¹H NMR (CD₃OD 400 MHz) δ 1.52 (s, 6H), 4.58 (s,2H), 5.56 (s, 2H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 7.21-7.52 (m, 6H), 8.50 (bs, 2H) 22

2-[[5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-(2- pyridylmethyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 1.38 (s, 6H), 4.40 (s,2H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 6.41 (s, 1H), 6.90-7.10 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.85 (m, 6H),8.51 (bs, 1H) 23

2-[[5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-(3- pyridylmethyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid ¹H NMR (CD₃OD 400 MHz) δ 1.52 (s, 6H), 4.58 (s,2H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 7.30-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.42-7.51 (m, 3H),8.19 (s, 1H), 8.41 (d, 1H). 24

2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3- thienyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid. ¹HNMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.37 (s, 6H), 4.38 (s, 2H), 5.43(s, 2H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 6.62-6.64 (m, 1H), 7.17-7.31 (m, 3H), 7.44-7.46(m, 1H), 7.57-7.64 (m, 2H). 25

2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(2- thienyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid. ¹HNMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.37 (s, 6H), 4.39 (s, 2H), 5.47(s, 2H), 6.53 (s, 1H), 6.59-6.61 (m, 1H), 7.09-7.14 (m, 2H), 7.24-7.31(m, 2H), 7.45-7.47 (m, 1H), 7.62-7.64 (m, 1H). 26

2-[[1-[(2-Fluorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3- isobutoxyphenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid ¹HNMR (CDCl₃): δ 0.97 (s, 3H), 0.99(s, 3H), 1.55 (s, 6H), 2.00-2.06 (m, 1H), 3.70 (d, 2H), 4.62 (s, 2H),5.39 (s, 2H), 6.37 (s, 1H), 6.79-6.80 (m, 1H), 6.87-7.09 (M, 5H),7.22-7.30 (m, 2H) 27

2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3- isobutoxyphenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid. ¹HNMR (CDCl₃): δ 0.95 (s, 3H) (,0.96 (s, 3H), 1.56 (s, 6H), 1.97-2.03 (m, 1H), 3.49 (d, 2H), 4.63 (s,2H), 5.43 (s, 2H), 6.41 (s, 1H), 6.73-6.80 (m, 2H), 6.84-6.92 (m, 2H),7.19-7.28 (m, 3H), 7.33-7.35 (m, 1H). 28

2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-ethoxyphenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2- methyl-propanoic acid. ¹HNMR(CDCl₃): δ 1.34 (t, 3H) 1.56 (s, 6H), 3.86 (q, 2H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 5.43(s, 2H), 6.40 (s, 1H), 6.76-6.78 (m, 2H), 6.83-6.85 (m, 1H), 6.89-6.91(m, 1H), 7.19-7.28 (m, 3H), 7.33-7.35 (m, 1H). 29

2-[[1-[(2-Bromophenyl)methyl]-5-(3- isopropoxyphenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid. ¹HNMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.21 (s, 3H), 1.23(s, 3H), 4.28-4.32 (m, 1H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 5.39 (s, 2H).6.42 (s, 1H),6.71-6.74 (m, 2H), 6.82-6.89 (m, 2H), 7.11-7.15 (m, 1H), 7.22-7.27 (m,2H), 7.51-7.54 (m, 1H). 30

2-[[1-[(2-Bromophenyl)methyl]-5-(3- methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid ¹HNMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.56 (s, 6H), 3.65(s, 3H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 5.39 (s, 2H), 6.41 (s, 1H), 6.73-6.76 (m 2H),6.84-6.92 (m, 2H), 7.15 (t, 1H), 7.13-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.52-7.54 (m, 1H).31

2-[[1-[(2-Isopropylphenyl)methyl]-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]- 2-methyl-propanoic acid. ¹HNMR(CDCl₃): δ 1.13 (s, 3H), 1.15 (s, 3H), 1.55 (s 6H), 2.94-2.97 (m, 1H),3.62 (s, 3H), 4.63 (s, 2H), 5.42 (s, 2H), 6.39 (s, 1H), 6.65-6.67 (m,1H), 6.75-6.76 (m, 1H), 6.85-6.91 (m, 2H), 7.07-7.11 (m, 1H), 7.21-7.28(m, 3H) 32

2-[[5-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-1-(o- tolylmethyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid. ¹HNMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.55 (s, 6H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 3.64(s, 3H), 4.62 9s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 6.38 (s, 1H), 6.69-6.31 (m, 1H),6.77-6.78 (m, 1H), 6.86-6.92 (m, 2H), 7.10-7.15 (m, 3H), 7.25-7.29 (m,1H). 33

2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)phenyl]pyrazol-3- yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoicacid. ¹HNMR (CDCl₃): δ 0.25-0.29 (m, 2H), 0.58-0.63 (m, 2H), 14.16-1.20(m, 1H), 1.55 (s, 6H), 5.58 (d, 2H), 4.63 (s, 2H), 5.42 (s, 2H), 6.40(s, 1H), 6.374-6.78 (m, 2H), 6.84-6.93 (m, 2H), 7.18-7.28 (m, 3H),7.33-7.35 (m, 1H). 34

2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3- (trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid. ¹HNMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.56 (6H), 4.63(s, 2H), 5.41 (s, 2H), 6.46 (s, 1H), 6.77-6.79 (m, 1H), 7.12-7.25 (m,5H), 7.32-7.35 (m, 1H), 7.38-7.42 (m, 1H). 35

2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3- isopropoxyphenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid. ¹HNMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.22 (s, 3H) (,1.23 (s, 3H), 1.55 (s, 6H), 4.30-4.33 (m, 1H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 5.43 (s,2H), 6.41 (s, 1H), 6.75-6.90 (4H), 7.19-7.35 (m, 4H). 36

2-[[5-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-1-[(2- methoxyphenyl)methyl]pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid. ¹HNMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.55 (s. 6H), 3.70(s, 3H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 5.34 (s, 2H), 6.35 (s, 1H),6.77-6.392 (m, 6H), 7.22-7.29 (m, 2H). 37

2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3- (cyclobutoxy)phenyl]pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid. ¹HNMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.49-1.61 (m, 7H),m1.75-1.82 (m 1H), 2.01-2.11 (m 2H), 2.17-2.24 (m 2H), 4.37-4.45 (m 1H),4.62 (s, 2H), 5.42 (s, 2H), 6.39 (s, 1H), 6.64 (s, 1H), 6.75-6.86 (m,3H), 7.19-7.35 (m 4H). 38

2-[[1-[[2- (Dimethylamino)phenyl]methyl]-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]- 2-methyl-propanoic acid. ¹HNMR(CDCl₃): δ 1.56 (s, 6H), 2.60 (s, 6H), 6.64 (s, 3H), 4.63 (s, 2H), 5.44(s, 2H). 6.30 (s, 1H), 6.71-7.11 (m 6H), 7.20-7.25 (m, 2H). 39

2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3- (cyclopropoxy)phenyl]pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid. ¹HNMR (CDCl₃): δ 0.55-0.68 (m 4H),1.55 (s, 6H), 3.50-3.54 (m 1H), 4.63 (s, 2H), 5.44 (s, 2H), 6.42 (s,1H), 6.76-7.02 (m, 4H), 7.17-7.35 (m, 4H). 40

2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3- (morpholinomethyl)phenyl]pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid. ¹HNMR (CD₃OD): δ 1.50 (s, 6H),3.15-3.23 (bs, 4H), 3.60-3.81 (bs, 2H), 3.85-4.16 (bs, 2H), 4.35 (s,2H), 4.57 (s, 2H), 5.45 (s, 2H), 6.60 (s, 1H), 6.75 (d, 1H), 7.20-7.55(m, 7H). 41

1-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3- methoxyphenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]cyclobutanecarboxylic acid. ¹HNMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.78-1.85 (m1H), 1.95-2.04 (m, 2H), 2.18-2.25 (m, 1H), 3.09-3.14 (m, 1H), 3.66 (s,3H), 4.27-4.32 (m, 1H), 4.55-4.65 (dd, 2H), 5.43 (s, 2H), 6.44 (s, 1H),6.73-6.91 (m, 4H), 7.17-7.34 (m 4). 42

2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3-(cyclobutylmethoxy)phenyl]pyrazol-3- yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoicacid. ¹HNMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.55 (s, 6H), 1.75-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.85-1.98 (m,2H), 2.06-2.14 (m, 2H), 2.64-2.70 (m, 1H), 3.71 (d, 2H), 4.63 (s, 2H),5.43 (s, 2H), 6.42 (s, 1H), 6.75-6.92 (m, 4H), 7.20-7.36 (m, 4). 43

2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl]pyrazol-3- yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoicacid. ¹HNMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.55 (s, 6H), 4.16 (q, 2H), 4.63 (s, 2H), 5.42(s, 2H), 6.43 (s, 1H), 6.77-6.81 (m, 2H), 6.96-6.98 (m, 2H), 7.19-7.36(m, 4H). 44

2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3-(cyclopentylmethoxy)phenyl]pyrazol-3- yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoicacid. ¹HNMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.25-1.29 (m, 2H), 1.55-1.61 (m, 10H), 1.76-1.79(m, 2H), 2.24-2.31 (m, 1H), 3.59 (d, 2H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 5.43 (s, 2H),6.41 (s, 1H), 6.73-6.91 (m, 4H), 7.19-7.35 (m, 4H). 45

2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3- (tetrahydropyran-4-ylmethoxy)phenyl]pyrazol-3- yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid. ¹HNMR(CDCl₃): δ 1.34-1.41 (m, 2H), 1.55 (s, 6H), 1.66-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.97-1.99(m, 1H), 3.38-3.46m, 2H), 3.56 (d, 2H), 3.98-4.01 (m, 2H), 4.62 (s, 2H),5.42 (s, 2H), 6.42 (s, 1H), 6.71 (s, 1H), 6.77-6.95 (m, 3H), 7.19-7.35(m, 4H). 46

2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3- morpholinophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid. ¹HNMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.55 (s, 6H), 2.96(t, 4H), 3.76 (t, 4H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 5.41 (s, 2H), 6.41 (s, 1H), 6.68(s, 1H), 6.78-6.80 (m, 2H), 6.88-6.91 (m, 1H), 7.19-7.35 (m, 4H). 47

2-([1-[(o-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)- 2-methylpropionic acid ¹HNMR(CDCl₃): δ 1.56 (s, 6H), 4.63 (s, 2H), 5.84 (s, 2H), 6.62-6.67 (m, 2H),7.10-7.19 (m 2H), 7.33-7.35 (m, 1H), 7.39 (d, 1H), 8.83 (d, 1H). 48

2-([1-[(o-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(m- cyanophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropionic acid ¹HNMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.56 (s, 6H), 4.62(s, 2H), 5.39 (s, 2H), 6.46 (s, 1H), 6.82-6.84 (m, 1H), 7.18-7.24 (m,2H), 7.33-7.35 (m 1H), 7.46-7.55 (m, 3H), 7.65-7.68 (m, 1H). 49

2-([1-[(o-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(1,3-thiazol-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)- 2-methylpropionic acid ¹HNMR(CDCl₃): δ 1.56 (s, 6H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 5.50 (s, 2H), 6.60-6.6 (m, 2H),7.14-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.36-7.38 (m, 1H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 8.84 (s, 1H). 50

2-([1-[(o-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[m-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-3- yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropionic acidMS: Calculated: 427.92; Found: 428.9 [M + H].Example 51:2-([1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3-(propan-2-yl)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid.

(i) 1-[3-(Propan-2-yl)phenyl]ethan-1-one: Into a 500-mL round-bottomflask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of N₂ was placed asolution of 1-bromo-3-(propan-2-yl)benzene (5.0 g, 25.11 mmol, 1.00equiv) in THF (250 mL). This was followed by the addition of n-BuLi (20mL, 2.00 equiv) dropwise with stirring at −60° C. The mixture wasstirred at −60° C. for 30 min. To this was addedN-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (3.9 g, 37.82 mmol, 1.50 equiv) dropwisewith stirring at −30° C. The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at−30° C. in a liquid N₂ bath. The reaction was then quenched by theaddition of 20 mL of water. The resulting solution was diluted with 200mL of EtOAc, washed with 2×100 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gelcolumn with EtOAc/petroleum ether (1:10). This resulted in 2.7 g (66%)of the title product as colorless oil.

(ii) 2,4-Dioxo-4-[3-(propan-2-yl)phenyl]butanoate: Into a 100-mLround-bottom flask, MeONa (9.25 mL of 25% solution in MeOH, 3.00 equiv,5.4%) was added to a solution of 1-[3-(propan-2-yl)phenyl]ethan-1-one(2.7 g, 16.64 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in MeOH (30 mL). This was followed bythe addition of dimethyl oxalate (1.97 g, 16.68 mmol, 2.00 equiv), inportions at room temperature. The resulting solution was stirred for 16h at room temperature. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of200 mL of water/ice. The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 3-4with cone HCl. The resulting solution was extracted with 3×100 mL ofEtOAc and the organic layers were combined, washed with 2×100 mL ofbrine, dried, and evaporated. The solid was dried in an oven underreduced pressure. This resulted in 4.0 g (97%) of the title product asyellow oil.

(iii) Methyl1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3-(propan-2-yl)phenyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate:Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of methyl2,4-dioxo-4-[3-(propan-2-yl)phenyl]butanoate (1.0 g, 4.03 mmol, 1.00equiv) and [(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-hydrazine dihydrochloride (1.38 g,6.01 mmol, 1.50 equiv) in AcOH (20 mL). The resulting solution wasstirred for 2 h at 100° C. in an oil bath. The resulting mixture wasconcentrated under vacuum, diluted with 200 mL of EtOAc, washed with2×100 mL of sat NaHCO₃, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentratedunder vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column withEtOAc/petroleum ether (1:5). This resulted in 1.05 g (71%) of the titleproduct as a yellow solid.

(iv)2-([1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3-(propan-2-yl)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid was prepared analogously as described in Steps ii-iv of Example 1.This resulted in 70 mg as a white solid. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, MeOD): δ 1.12(6H, d), 1.53 (6H, s), 2.83 (1H, p), 4.60 (2H, s), 5.40 (2H, s), 6.54(1H, s), 6.72-6.81 (1H, m), 7.05-7.45 (7H, m).

Examples 52-59 were prepared analogously as described in Example 51.

52

2-([1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3-(methoxymethyl)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-3- yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoic acid¹H-NMR (300 MHz, MeOD): δ 1.52 (6H, s), 4.42 (2H, s), 4.59 (2H, s), 5.42(2H, s), 6.56 (1H, s), 6.70-6.80 (1H, m), 7.17-7.33 (4H, m), 7.32-7.45(3H, m). 53

2-[[1-benzyl-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, MeOD) δ1.51 (6H, s), 3.68 (3H, s), 4.57 (2H, s), 5.35 (2H, s), 6.48 (1H, s),6.84 (1H, dd), 6.89-7.06 (4H, m), 7.17-7.38 (4H, m). 54

2-({1-[(o-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(m-methoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3- yl}methoxy)-2-methylpropionic acid¹H-NMR: (300 MHz, MeOD) δ 1.53 (6H, s), 2.09 (3H, s), 3.67 (3H, s), 4.60(2H, s), 5.31 (2H, s), 6.67-6.86 (3H, m), 6.97 (1H, ddd), 7.17-7.40 (4H,m). 55

2-[[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, MeOD) δ1.53 (6H, s), 3.64 (3H, s), 4.61 (2H, s), 6.63-6.77 (2H, m), 6.77-6.93(2H, m), 7.16-7.36 (3H, m), 7.40 (3H, dddd). 56

2-[[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid LC-MS (ES, m/z): 367 ¹H-NMR(400 MHz, MeOD) δ 1.54 (6H, s), 3.69 (3H, s), 4.65 (2H, s), 6.70 (1H,s), 6.76-6.78 (2H, m), 6.89 (1H, ddd), 7.20-7.25 (1H, d), 7.41-7.45 (2H,m), 7.91 (1H, dt), 8.41 (1H, t). 57

2-[[1-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid LC-MS (ES, m/z): 401¹H-NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 1.55 (6H, s), 3.64 (3H, s), 4.63 (2H, s), 6.73(2H, d), 6.86 (2H, dd), 7.20 (1H, dd), 7.42-7.60 (4H, m). 58

2-[[1-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ1.54 (6H, s), 3.71 (3H, s), 4.62 (2H, s), 6.68 (1H, s), 6.77-6.87 (2H,m), 6.94 (1H, ddd), 7.19 (1H, dt), 7.27 (1H, t), 7.32-7.44 (3H, m). 59

2-[[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid LC-MS (ES, m/z): 401¹H-NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 1.54 (6H, s), 3.71 (3H, s), 4.62 (2H, s), 6.67(1H, s), 6.75-6.85 (2H, m), 6.92 (1H, ddd), 7.21-7.32 (3H, m), 7.37-7.46(2H, m).Example 60:2-([1-Benzyl-5-[3-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid.

(i) 1-[3-(2-Methylpropoxy)phenyl]ethan-1-one: Into a 500-mL round-bottomflask was placed a solution of 1-(3-hydroxyphenyl)ethan-1-one (20 g,146.90 mmol, 1.00 equiv), K₃PO₄ (62 g, 292.08 mmol, 2.00 equiv) and1-bromo-2-methylpropane (40 g, 291.93 mmol, 2.00 equiv) in DMSO (240mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at 60° C. The resultingsolution was extracted with 2×500 mL of EtOAc, and the organic layerswere combined and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The residue was appliedonto a silica gel column with EtOAc/petroleum ether (1:5). This resultedin 21.24 g (75%) of the title product as a yellow liquid.

(ii)2-([1-Benzyl-5-[3-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid was obtained analogously to Example 67. This resulted in 103.1 mgas a white solid. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 0.97 (6H, d), 1.53 (6H, s),1.97 (1H, dp), 3.48 (2H, d), 3.78 (3H, s), 4.58 (2H, s), 5.31 (2H, s),6.52 (1H, s), 6.67-6.74 (1H, m), 6.76-6.82 (1H, m), 6.85-7.00 (4H, m),7.22-7.33 (2H, m).

Examples 61-63 were prepared analogously as described in Example 60.

61

2-([1-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-5-[3-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-3- yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoic acidLC-MS (ES, m/z): 453 ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 0.97 (6H, d), 1.53 (6H,s), 1.97 (1H, dp), 3.48 (2H, d), 3.78 (3H, s), 4.58 (2H, s), 5.31 (2H,s), 6.52 (1H, s), 6.67-6.74 (1H, m), 6.76-6.82 (1H, m), 6.85-7.00 (4H,m), 7.22-7.33 (2H, m). 62

2-([1-[(3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-5-[3-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-3- yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoic acidLC-MS (ES, m/z): 453 ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 0.99 (6H, d), 1.53 (6H,s), 1.99 (1H, dq), 3.55 (2H, d), 3.73 (3H, s), 4.59 (2H, s), 5.33 (2H,s), 6.50 (1H, s), 6.56-6.65 (2H, m), 6.78-6.86 (2H, m), 6.92-7.00 (2H,m), 7.22 (1H, t), 7.33 (1H, t). 63

2-([1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-5-[3-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-3- yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoic acidLC-MS (ES, m/z): 453 ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 1.00 (6H, d), 1.53 (6H,s), 2.01 (1H, dp), 3.57 (2H, d), 3.77 (3H, s), 4.58 (2H, s), 5.29 (2H,s), 6.47 (1H, s), 6.78-6.90 (3H, m), 6.92-7.01 (4H, m), 7.29-7.39 (1H,m).Example 64:2-([1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(5-methoxythiophene-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid.

(i) 1-(5-Methoxythiophen-2-yl)ethan-1-one: Into a 25-mL sealed tube wasplaced 2-methoxythiophene (11 g, 96.35 mmol, 1.00 equiv), MeOH (60 mL),Cs₂CO₃ (22 g, 1.20 equiv), and Brettphos Pd G3 (550 mg). The finalreaction mixture was irradiated with microwave radiation for 1 h at 100°C. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The resultingsolution was extracted with 3×100 mL of EtOAc, and the organic layerswere combined, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, and concentrated undervacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column withEtOAc/petroleum ether (1/50). This resulted in 5 g (33%) of the titleproduct as a yellow solid.

(ii)2-([1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(5-methoxythiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid was prepared analogously as described in Steps ii-iv of Example 51.This resulted in 39.2 mg as a white solid. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, MeOD): δ1.51 (6H, s), 3.86 (3H, s), 4.54 (2H, s), 5.50 (2H, s), 6.19 (1H, d),6.51 (1H, s), 6.55-6.66 (2H, m), 7.25 (2H, dtd), 7.43 (1H, dd).

Example 65:2-([1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(4-methoxythiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid.

(i) 1-(4-Methoxythiophen-2-yl)ethan-1-one: Into a 50-mL round-bottomflask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of N₂ was placed asolution of 1-(4-bromothiophen-2-yl)ethan-1-one (3.0 g, 14.63 mmol, 1.00equiv) in MeOH (25 mL). This was followed by the addition of NaOMe (5.4mL, 2.00 equiv, 5.4M) at room temperature. To this was added CuBr (627mg, 4.38 mmol, 0.30 equiv) at room temperature. The resulting solutionwas stirred for 16 h at 100° C. in an oil bath, then diluted with 100 mLof EtOAc, washed with 2×100 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gelcolumn with EtOAc/petroleum ether (1:20). This resulted in 700 mg (31%)of the title product as a yellow oil.

(ii)2-([1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(4-methoxythiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid was prepared analogously as described in Steps ii-iv of Example 51.This resulted in 61 mg as a white solid. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, MeOD): δ 1.51(6H, s), 3.76 (3H, s), 4.56 (2H, s), 5.54 (2H, s), 6.51 (1H, d),6.56-6.69 (3H, m), 7.26 (2H, dtd), 7.44 (1H, dd).

Example 66:2-([1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(5-methoxythiophen-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid was prepared analogously as described in Example 65.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 1.53 (6H, s), 3.85 (3H, s), 4.57 (2H, s), 5.52(2H, s), 6.26 (1H, d), 6.52-6.59 (2H, m), 6.64-6.71 (1H, m), 7.28 (2H,dtd), 7.45 (1H, dd).

Example 67:2-([1-[(o-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(m-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)methoxy)-2-ethylbutyricacid was prepared analogously as described in Example 1, except that inplace of Step iii, the following procedure was followed:

(i) Methyl 2-ethyl-2-hydroxybutanoate: Into a 250-mL round-bottom flaskwas placed a solution of 2-ethyl-2-hydroxybutanoic acid (2.0 g, 15.13mmol, 1.00 equiv) in MeOH (100 mL). This was followed by the addition ofsulfuric acid (3 mL) dropwise with stirring at room temperature. Theresulting solution was heated to reflux for 16 h in an oil bath. Theresulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum, diluted with 200 mL ofEtOAc, washed with 2×100 mL of sat NaHCO₃, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄and concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 800 mg (36%) of thetitle product as a colorless oil.

(ii)3-(Bromomethyl)-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole:Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of[1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methanol(600 mg, 1.82 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in DCM (30 mL). This was followed by theaddition of CBr₄ (900 mg, 1.50 equiv) at 0° C. over 1 min. To this wasadded PPh₃ (720 mg, 2.75 mmol, 1.50 equiv) in several batches at 0° C.over 5 min. The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at 25° C. in anoil bath. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column withEtOAc/petroleum ether (1:11). The collected fractions were combined andconcentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 550 mg (77%) of the titleproduct as a yellow oil.

(iii) Methyl2-([1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-ethylbutanoate:Into a 40-mL vial was placed a solution of methyl2-ethyl-2-hydroxybutanoate (371 mg, 2.54 mmol, 2.00 equiv) in DMF/THF(7/7 mL). This was followed by the addition of NaH (100 mg, 4.17 mmol,2.00 equiv) at 0° C. in 30 min. To this was added NaI (140 mg) and3-(bromomethyl)-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole(500 mg, 1.28 mmol, 1.00 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred for16 h at room temperature. The residue was applied onto a Prep-TLC withEtOAc/petroleum ether (1:10). The collected fractions were combined andconcentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 210 mg (38%) of the titleproduct as a white liquid.

LiOH treatment as in Step iv of Example 1 resulted in 210 mg of thetitle compound as a white liquid. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): δ (0.91 (6H,t), 1.87 (4H, q), 3.68 (3H, s), 4.52 (2H, s), 5.43 (2H, s), 6.67 (1H,s), 6.72-6.86 (2H, m), 6.88-7.00 (2H, m), 7.21-7.36 (3H, m), 7.37-7.48(1H, m).

Example 68:2-([1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylbutanoicacid was prepared analogously as described in Example 64.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 0.97 (3H, t), 1.51 (3H, s), 1.89 (2H, qd), 3.68(3H, s), 4.59 (2H, s), 5.44 (2H, s), 6.56 (1H, s), 6.71-6.79 (1H, m),6.83 (1H, dd), 6.89-7.01 (2H, m), 7.22-7.36 (3H, m), 7.37-7.45 (1H, m).

Example 69:2-([1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3-(2-methylpropanamido)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid.

(i) Methyl 4-(3-nitrophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate: Into a 1000-mL 3-neckedround-bottom flask, MeONa (90 mL, 4.00 equiv), and dimethyl oxalate(18.6 g, 157.51 mmol, 1.30 equiv) were added stepwise to a solution of1-(3-nitrophenyl)ethan-1-one (20 g, 121.10 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in MeOH(700 mL). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at roomtemperature. The resulting solution was poured into 500 mL of H₂O/ice.The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 3-5 with HCl (12 mol/L).The resulting solution was extracted with 2×1000 mL of EtOAc and theorganic layers were combined, washed with 2×1000 mL of brine, dried overanhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 18 g(59%) of the title product as a yellow solid.

(ii) Methyl 5-(3-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate: Into a 500-mLround-bottom flask was placed a solution of methyl4-(3-nitrophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate (15 g, 59.72 mmol, 1.00 equiv) andH₂NNH₂ hydrate (3.9 mL, 1.20 equiv) in AcOH (200 mL). The resultingsolution was stirred for 3 h at 120° C. in an oil bath. The reactionmixture was cooled to room temperature. The solids were collected byfiltration. This resulted in 9.5 g (64%) of the title product as ayellow solid.

(iii) Methyl1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate:Into a 25-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with aninert atmosphere of N₂, was placed a solution of methyl5-(3-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate (9.0 g, 36.41 mmol, 1.00equiv) in toluene (170 mL). This was followed by the addition of NaH(2.92 g, 73.00 mmol, 2.00 equiv, 60%), in portions at room temperature.The reaction was stirred at rt for 30 mins. To this was added a solutionof 1-(bromomethyl)-2-chlorobenzene (11.2 g, 54.51 mmol, 1.50 equiv) intoluene (30 mL) dropwise with stirring at 60° C. The resulting solutionwas stirred for 5 h at 110° C. in an oil bath. The reaction mixture wascooled to room temperature. The reaction was then quenched by theaddition of 200 mL of sat NH₄Cl. The resulting solution was diluted with300 mL of EtOAc. The resulting solution was extracted with 2×300 mL ofEtOAc and the organic layers were combined, washed with 3×300 mL ofbrine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under vacuum. The residue wasapplied onto a silica gel column with PE:EtOAc (3:1). This resulted in4.0 g (30%) of the title product as a white solid.

(iv) Methyl2-([1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoatewas prepared analogously as described in Steps ii-iii of Example 1.

(v) Methyl2-[[5-(3-aminophenyl)-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methylpropanoate:Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of methyl2-([1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoate(400 mg, 0.90 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in AcOH/H₂O (10/1 mL). This was followedby the addition of Zn (400 mg, 6.15 mmol), in portions at roomtemperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at roomtemperature. The solids were removed by filtration. The pH value of thesolution was adjusted to 7-8 with sat NaHCO₃. The resulting solution wasextracted with mL of EtOAc, and the organic layers were combined, washedwith 2×200 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentratedunder vacuum. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with DCM/MeOH (30:1).This resulted in 230 mg (62%) of the title product as a yellow oil.

(vi) Methyl2-([1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3-(2-methylpropanamido)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoate:Into a 40-mL flask was placed a solution of methyl2-[[5-(3-aminophenyl)-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methylpropanoate(200 mg, 0.48 mmol, 1.00 equiv), HATU (276 mg, 0.73 mmol, 1.50 equiv),2-methylpropanoic acid (130 mg, 1.48 mmol, 3.00 equiv) and DIEA (187 mg,1.45 mmol, 3.00 equiv) in DMF (20 mL). The resulting solution wasstirred overnight at room temperature. The resulting solution wasdiluted with 200 mL of EtOAc, washed with 2×100 mL of brine, dried overanhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purifiedby Prep-TLC with DCM/MeOH (30:1). This resulted in 155 mg (66%) of thetitle product as a yellow solid.

(viii)2-([1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3-(2-methylpropanamido)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid was prepared analogously as described in Step iv of Example 1. Thisresulted in 70 mg (48%) as a white solid. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO): δ 1.09(6H, d), 1.39 (6H, s), 2.57 (1H, p), 5.39 (2H, s), 6.40 (1H, s),6.69-6.79 (1H, m), 7.00 (1H, dt), 7.21-7.48 (4H, m), 7.53-7.63 (1H, m),7.78 (1H, t), 9.93 (1H, s).

Example 70:2-([1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-methanesulfonylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid.

(i) Methyl2-([1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoate:Into a 30-mL flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of N₂,was placed a solution of methyl2-[[5-(3-aminophenyl)-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methylpropanoate(700 mg, 1.69 mmol, 1.00 equiv—prepared analogously as described inExample 69) in MeCN (10 mL). This was followed by the addition ofdimethyl disulfide (319 mg, 3.39 mmol, 2.00 equiv). The resultingmixture was heated 60° C. for 1 h. To this was added tert-butylnitrite(350 mg, 3.40 mmol, 2.00 equiv) dropwise with stirring at roomtemperature. The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at 60° C. in anoil bath, then diluted with 200 mL of EtOAc, washed with 2×100 mL ofbrine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under vacuum. Theresidue was applied onto Prep-TLC with EtOAc/petroleum ether (1:2). Thisresulted in 300 mg (40%) of the title product as a yellow oil.

(ii) Methyl2-([1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-methanesulfonylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoate:Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of methyl2-([1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoate(300 mg, 0.67 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in MeOH/H₂O (10/5 mL). This was followedby the addition of dipotassiumO-[(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanidolate (233 mg, 1.53 mmol, 1.00equiv), in portions at room temperature. The resulting solution wasstirred for 2 h at room temperature, then diluted with 200 mL of EtOAc,washed with 2×100 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto Prep-TLC withEtOAc/petroleum ether (1:3). This resulted in 180 mg (58%) of the titleproduct as a yellow solid.

(iii)2-([1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-methanesulfonylphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid was prepared analogously as described in Step iv of Example 1. Thisresulted in 30 mg (17%) as a white solid. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): δ 1.54(6H, s), 3.10 (3H, s), 4.61 (2H, s), 5.48 (2H, s), 6.67 (1H, s), 6.82(1H, dd), 7.21-7.33 (2H, m), 7.35-7.42 (1H, m), 7.64-7.74 (2H, m), 7.90(1H, q), 7.96-8.03 (1H, m).

Example 71:2-([1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-methanesulfonamidophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid.

(i) Methyl2-([1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-methanesulfonamidophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoate:Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of methyl2-[[5-(3-aminophenyl)-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methylpropanoate(200 mg, 0.48 mmol, 1.00 equiv—prepared analogously as described inExample 69), pyridine (75 mg, 0.95 mmol, 2.00 equiv), and4-dimethylamino-pyridine (6 mg, 0.05 mmol, 0.10 equiv) in DCM (10 mL).This was followed by the addition of methanesulfonyl chloride (83 mg,0.72 mmol, 1.50 equiv) dropwise with stirring at 0° C. The resultingsolution was stirred overnight at room temperature, then diluted with100 mL of DCM, washed with 2×100 mL of brine, dried over anhydrousNa₂SO₄ and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied ontoPrep-TLC with EtOAc/petroleum ether (1:4). This resulted in 100 mg (42%)of the title product as a yellow oil.

(ii)2-([1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-methanesulfonamidophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid was prepared analogously as described in Step iv of Example 1. Thisresulted in 30.2 mg (31%) as a white solid. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, MeOD): δ1.52 (6H, s), 2.04 (1H, s), 2.87 (3H, s), 4.58 (2H, s), 5.44 (2H, s),6.56 (1H, s), 6.66-6.76 (1H, m), 7.12 (1H, dt), 7.25 (4H, dtd),7.32-7.44 (2H, m).

Example 72:2-([1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3-(methylamino)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid.

(i) Methyl2-([1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3-(methylamino)phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoate:Into a 30-mL flask, paraformaldehyde (107 mg, 2.43 mmol, 5.00 equiv) wasadded to a solution of methyl2-[[5-(3-aminophenyl)-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methylpropanoate(200 mg, 0.48 mmol, 1.00 equiv—prepared analogously as described inExample 69) in methanol (10 mL). This was followed by the addition ofMeOna (0.45 mL, 5.00 equiv, 5.4M) dropwise with stirring at roomtemperature. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at 60° C. in anoil bath. To this was added NaBH₄ (92 mg, 2.43 mmol, 5.00 equiv) inportions at 0° C. The resulting solution was allowed to react, withstirring, for an additional 1 h while the temperature was maintained at60° C. in an oil bath. The resulting solution was diluted with 100 mL ofEtOAc. The resulting mixture was washed with 2×50 mL of Brine. Themixture was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under vacuum.The residue was applied onto Prep-TLC with EtOAc/petroleum ether (1:4).This resulted in 100 mg (48%) of the title product as a yellow oil.

(ii)2-([1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-methanesulfonamidophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid was prepared analogously as described in Step iv of Example 1. Thisresulted in 30.2 mg as a white solid. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, MeOD): δ 1.52(6H, s), 2.04 (1H, s), 2.87 (3H, s), 4.58 (2H, s), 5.44 (2H, s), 6.56(1H, s), 6.66-6.76 (1H, m), 7.12 (1H, dt), 7.25 (4H, dtd), 7.32-7.44(2H, m).

Example 73:2-([1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3-[(2-methylpropyl)amino]phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid was prepared analogously as described in Example 72.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, MeOD): δ 0.88 (6H, d), 1.52 (6H, s), 1.74 (1H, dp),2.66 (2H, d), 4.57 (2H, s), 5.42 (2H, s), 6.40-6.77 (5H, m), 7.11 (1H,dd), 7.19-7.35 (2H, m), 7.35-7.47 (1H, m).

Example 74:2-([1-[(o-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[m-(isopropylamino)carbonylphenyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropionicacid.

(i) 3-Acetyl-N-(propan-2-yl)benzamide: A suspension of 3-acetylbenzoicacid (10 g, 60.92 mmol), HATU (20 g, 52.60 mmol,) and propan-2-amine (4g, 67.67 mmol) in DMF (180 mL). To the solution pre-cooled to −5° C. wasadded dropwise DIEA. Then the resulting mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 2 h under N₂. The resulting mixture was poured into 100mL water. The resulting residue was extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL). Thecombined organic layers were washed with 300 mL brine, dried overanhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under vacuum. This resultedin 11 g (88%) of the title product as a yellow solid.

(ii) Methyl2-([1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3-[(propan-2-yl)carbamoyl]phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoatewas prepared analogously as described in Steps i-v of Example 69.

(iii)2-([1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3-[(propan-2-yl)carbamoyl]phenyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid was prepared analogously as described in Step iv of Example 1. Thisresulted in 80 mg as a white solid. ¹H-NMR: (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 1.16(6H, d), 1.41 (6H, s), 3.33 (5H, s), 4.02-4.17 (1H, m), 4.44 (2H, s),5.40 (2H, s), 6.53 (1H, s), 6.75-6.88 (1H, m), 7.23-7.36 (2H, m),7.41-7.47 (1H, m), 7.49-7.57 (2H, m), 7.81-7.98 (2H, m), 8.29 (1H, d),12.63 (1H, s).

Example 75:2-([1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(phenylamino)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid.

(i) [(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]hydrazine: Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask,was placed a solution of hydrazine hydrate (85%) (31 g, 8.50 equiv) inEtOH (100 mL). This was followed by the addition of a solution of1-chloro-2-(chloromethyl)benzene (10 g, 62.10 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in EtOH(50 mL)(added dropwise over 1 hr at 70° C.). The resulting solution wasstirred for 1 h at 70° C. The resulting mixture was concentrated undervacuum, then diluted with water. The resulting solution was extractedwith EtOAc three times and the organic layers were combined. To theorganic phase in an ice/water bath was added 4N HCl in dioxane. Thesolids that formed were collected by filtration. This resulted in 6.1 g(63%) of the title product as a white solid.

(ii) Ethyl 3-cyano-2-(potassiooxy)prop-2-enoate: Into a 50-mLround-bottom flask, was placed a solution of diethyl oxalate (5.06 g,34.62 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in CH₃CN (20 mL). This was followed by theaddition of t-BuOK (3.90 g, 34.76 mmol, 1.12 equiv), in portions at roomtemperature. The resulting solution was stirred for 1.5 h at roomtemperature. The solids that formed were collected by filtration. Thisresulted in 5.09 g (82%) of the title product as a yellow solid.

(iii) Ethyl5-amino-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate: Into a40-mL flask was placed a solution of ethyl(2Z)-3-cyano-2-(potassiooxy)prop-2-enoate (2.0 g, 11.16 mmol, 1.00equiv) in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) while stirring at rt. This was followed bythe addition of trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) dropwise with stirring atroom temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 30 min. Tothis was added [(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]hydrazine (2.0 g, 12.77 mmol,1.15 equiv), in portions at room temperature. The resulting solution wasstirred overnight at room temperature. The resulting solution wasdiluted with 200 mL of EtOAc, washed with 2×200 mL of brine, dried overanhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was appliedonto a silica gel column with EtOAc/petroleum ether (1:3). This resultedin 1.8 g (58%) of the title product as a yellow oil.

(iv) Ethyl1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(phenylamino)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate:Into a 30-mL sealed tube purged and maintained with an inert atmosphereof N₂, was placed a solution of ethyl5-amino-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate (1.0 g,3.57 mmol, 1.00 equiv), iodobenzene (768 mg, 3.76 mmol, 1.05 equiv), 3rdGeneration BrettPhos precatalyst (326 mg, 0.36 mmol, 0.10 equiv), andCs₂CO₃ (1.4 g, 4.30 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL). Theresulting solution was stirred for 3 h at 90° C. in an oil bath. Theresulting solution was diluted with 200 mL of EtOAc, washed with 2×200mL of brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under vacuum. Theresidue was applied onto a silica gel column with PE:EtOAc:DCM(3:1:0.1). This resulted in 1.3 g (102%) of the title product as ayellow solid.

(v) Methyl5-[[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl](phenyl)amino]-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate:Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of ethyl1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(phenylamino)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate(800 mg, 2.25 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (548 mg,4.49 mmol, 2.00 equiv) in toluene (20 mL). This was followed by theaddition of di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (980 mg, 4.49 mmol, 2.00 equiv),in portions at room temperature. The resulting solution was heated toreflux for 1 overnight in an oil bath. The resulting solution wasdiluted with 200 mL of EtOAc, washed with 2×100 mL of brine, dried overanhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was appliedonto a silica gel column with EtOAc/petroleum ether (1:3). This resultedin 1.0 g (101%) of the title product as a colorless oil.

(vi)2-[(5-[[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl](phenyl)amino]-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)methoxy]-2-methylpropanoicacid was prepared analogously as described in Steps ii-iv of Example 1.This resulted in 200 mg as yellow oil.

(vii)2-([1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(phenylamino)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid: Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of2-[(5-[[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl](phenyl)amino]-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)methoxy]-2-methylpropanoicacid (200 g, 400.01 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in DCM (10 mL). This was followedby the addition of trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL) dropwise with stirring atroom temperature. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at roomtemperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. Thecrude product (150 mg) was purified by Prep-HPLC with the followingconditions (2#-AnalyseHPLC-SHIMADZU (HPLC-10)): Column, SunFire C18 OBDPrep Column, 0.1 nM, 5 uM, 19 mm×150 mm, mobile phase, Waters (0.1% TFA)and ACN (61.0% ACN up to 74.0% in 6 min); Detector, UV 254 nm). Thisresulted in 19.2 mg of the title product as a white solid. ¹H-NMR (300MHz, MeOD) δ 1.50 (6H, s), 4.48 (2H, s), 5.34 (2H, d), 6.18 (1H, s),6.68-6.95 (4H, m), 7.11-7.30 (4H, m), 7.33-7.43 (1H, m).

Example 76:2-([1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-phenoxy-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid.

(i) Ethyl1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate:Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]hydrazine dihydrochloride (4 g, 17.54 mmol, 1.00equiv) in EtOH (120 mL). 1,4-Diethyl 2-oxobutanedioate (0 mg, 1.30equiv) was added. The resulting solution was heated to reflux overnight,then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silicagel column with EtOAc/petroleum ether (1:20˜1:5). This resulted in 2.8 g(57%) of the title product as a yellow syrup.

(ii) Ethyl1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(2-nitrophenoxy)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate:Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed ethyl1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate(2.8 g, 9.97 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-fluoro-2-nitrobenzene (2.8 g, 19.84mmol, 2.00 equiv), K₂CO₃ (2.7 g, 19.57 mmol, 2.00 equiv) in DMF (20 mL).The resulting solution was stirred overnight at 90° C. in an oil bath.The resulting solution was diluted with EtOAc, washed with water andbrine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated under vacuum. Theresidue was applied onto a silica gel column with EtOAc/petroleum ether(1:50-1:10). This resulted in 0.8 g (20%) of the title product as yellowoil.

(iii) Ethyl5-(2-aminophenoxy)-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate:Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of ethyl1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(2-nitrophenoxy)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate(800 mg, 1.99 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in AcOH/H₂O (3:1) (8 mL). Zn (600 mg,9.38 mmol, 5.00 equiv) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred for3 h at 60° C. in an oil bath. The solids were removed by filtration. Theresulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was appliedonto a silica gel column with EtOAc/petroleum ether (1:30-1:5). Thisresulted in 540 mg (73%) of the title product as a yellow solid.

(iv) Ethyl1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-phenoxy-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate: Into a50-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of ethyl5-(2-aminophenoxy)-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate(540 mg, 1.45 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in THF (15 mL). tert-Butyl nitrite (450mg, 4.36 mmol, 3.00 equiv) was added. The solution was stirred for 30min at 60° C. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. Theresidue was purified with Prep-TLC (EtOAc:PE=1:3) This resulted in 220mg (42%) of the title product as a solid.

(v)2-([1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-phenoxy-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid was prepared analogously as described in Steps ii-iv of Example 1.This resulted in 17 mg as a white solid. ¹H-NMR (CD₃OD, ppm): δ (300MHz, MeOD) 1.46 (6H, s), 4.44 (2H, s), 5.35 (2H, s), 5.78 (1H, s),6.90-7.00 (1H, m), 7.06-7.46 (8H, m).

Example 77:2-([5-Benzyl-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid.

(i) Ethyl 2,4-dioxo-5-phenylpentanoate: Into a 100-mL round-bottom flaskwas placed a solution of 1-phenylethan-1-one (1 g, 8.32 mmol, 1.00equiv) in THF (25 mL). This was followed by the addition of NaH (269 mg,11.21 mmol, 1.50 equiv), in portions at 0° C. in 30 min. To this wasadded diethyl oxalate (1.64 g, 11.22 mmol, 1.50 equiv). The resultingsolution was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The reaction mixturewas cooled to 0° C. with a water/ice bath. The reaction was thenquenched by the addition of 20 mL of water. The resulting solution wasextracted with 3×50 mL of EtOAc, and the organic layers were combinedand dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under vacuum. Theresidue was applied onto a silica gel column with EtOAc/petroleum ether(1:40). This resulted in 700 mg (36%) of the title product as a yellowliquid.

(ii)2-([5-Benzyl-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy)-2-methylpropanoicacid was prepared analogously as described in Steps iii-iv of Example51. This resulted in 21 mg of the product as a white solid. ¹H-NMR (300MHz, MeOD): δ 1.48 (6H, s), 3.92 (2H, s), 4.50 (2H, s), 5.32 (2H, s),6.23 (1H, s), 6.42-6.52 (1H, m), 7.07-7.30 (7H, m), 7.39 (1H, dd).

Example 78: This Example Intentionally Left Blank.

Example 79:2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoicacid.

(i)2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoicacid: A solution of methyl2-[[5-(3-benzyloxyphenyl)-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)-methyl]pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoatein mixture of acetic acid and cone HCl (8 mL) (3:1, v/v) was heated at90° C. for 6 h. At the end of this period the reaction mixture wasevaporated to dryness and the residue was chromatographed over SiO₂using 0-20% gradient of MeOH in DCM to afford the title product. ¹HNMR(CDCl₃): δ 1.55 (s, 6H), 4.61 (s, 2H), 5.40 (s, 2H), 6.38 (s, 1H),6.74-6.83 (m, 4H), 7.18-7.35 (m, 4H).

Example 80:2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3-(oxetan-3-ylmethoxy)phenyl]pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoicacid.

(i) Methyl2-[[1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]-methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoate:To a solution of2-[[1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-hydroxy-phenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoicacid (Example 79) in MeOH was added 4 drops of conc H₂SO₄, and thesolution was refluxed for 16 h. The product was evaporated to drynessand the residue was chromatographed over SiO₂ using 0-25% gradient ofMeOH in DCM to afford the title product.

(ii) Methyl2-[[1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3-(oxetan-3-ylmethoxy)phenyl]pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoate:To a solution of methyl2-[[1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoate(0.170 g, 0.410 mmol) in DMF was added oxetan-3-ylmethyl4-methylbenzenesulfonate (0.149 g, 0.615 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (0.113 g, 0.820mmol) at room temperature. The mixture was heated at 60° C. for 16 h.The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, water was added,and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (20 mL×2). The combined organiclayers were washed with water (20 mL) and brine (20 mL), dried overNa₂SO₄, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue waschromatographed over SiO₂ using 0-100% gradient of EtOAc in hexane toafford the title product. ¹HNMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.54 (s, 6H), 3.33-3.36 (m,1H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.97 (d, 2H), 4.30 (t, 2H), 4.56 (s, 2H), 4.84 (t,2H), 5.40 (s, 2H), 6.53 (s, 1H), 6.77-6.90 (m, 4H), 7.19-7.37 (m, 4H).

(iii)2-[[1-[(2-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-[3-(oxetan-3-ylmethoxy)phenyl]pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoicacid was prepared analogously as described in Step iv of Example 1,yielding the title product (20 mg). ¹HNMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.55 (s, 6H),3.34-3.74 (m, 1H), 3.98 (d, 2H), 4.49 (t, 2H), 4.63 (s, 2H), 4.83 (t,2H), 5.43 (s, 2H), 6.44 (s, 1H), 6.76-6.93 (m, 4H), 7.20-7.37 (m, 4H).

Example 81:2-[[1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-N-methylsulfonyl-propanamide.

To a solution of Example 14(2-[[1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoicacid) (0.08 g, 0.192 mmol) in CH₃CN was added CDI (0.047 g, 0.288 mmol)and methanesulfonamide (0.022 g, 0.23 mmol) at rt. The mixture wasstirred at rt for 16 h. The solvent was evaporated and the residue waschromatographed over SiO₂ using 0-20% gradient of MeOH in DCM to affordthe title product. ¹HNMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.55 (s, 6H), 3.21 (s, 3H), 3.67 (s,3H), 4.58 (s, 2H), 5.48 (s, 2H), 6.36 (s, 1H), 6.75-6.92 (m, 4H),7.18-7.35 (m, 4H).

Example 82: Methyl2-[[1-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]methoxy]-2-methyl-propanoatewas prepared analogously as described in Example 1, omitting Step iv.¹HNMR(CDCl₃): δ1.54 (s, 6H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 4.56 (s, 2H),5.37 (s, 2H), 6.53 (s, 1H), 6.71-6.78 (m, 2H), 6.85-6.90 (m 2H),7.10-7.13 (m, 1H), 7.21-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.51-7.53 (m 1H).

Biological Activity Assays

The following are assays that may be used to evaluate the biologicalefficacy of compounds of Formula (I) in a manner similar to thatpreviously reported for MCT1 and MCT4 and are known to those with skillin the art. See, e.g., Murray, C. M. et al., “Monocarboxylatetransporter MCT1 is a target for immunosuppression,” Nature chemicalbiology 1, 371-376 (2005); and Ovens, M. J., et al., “AR-C155858 is apotent inhibitor of monocarboxylate transporters MCT1 and MCT2 thatbinds to an intracellular site involving transmembrane helices 7-10,”The Biochemical Journal 425, 523-530, (2010).

Assay 1: Lactate Transport in MCT4-Expressing MDA-MB-453 Breast CancerCells.

MCT4 may be stably expressed in MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cells that donot express native MCT1 or MCT4. MCT4 activity may be assessed bymonitoring the intracellular pH change that accompanies lactate/protonsymport, using the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye2′,7′-bis-(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF), in a mannersimilar to that previously reported for MCT1 and MCT4. The following isan exemplary procedure for assaying MCT4 activity of the compounds ofFormula (I).

Preparing BCECF-Loaded Cells:

Cells (˜7×10⁶) are trypsinized (0.05% Trypsin-EDTA), pelleted (300 g, 5min), and resuspended in 1 mL Tyrode's Solution, pH 7.4 (119 mM NaCl, 5mM KCl, 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 2 mM CaCl₂, 2 mM MgCl₂, 6 g/L glucose). 10μL of a 30 mM DMSO stock of BCECF-AM ester (Life Technologies) is addedand the cells are incubated at 37° C. for 5 min. The cells are pelleted(300 g, 5 min), washed once with 1 mL Tyrode's Solution, pH 7.4,re-pelleted (300 g, 5 min), and resuspended in 1 mL Tyrode's Solution,pH 7.4.

Lactate Transport Assay:

2.5 μL BCECF-loaded cells, along with either 10 μL DMSO or 100×compoundin DMSO, are added to 937.5 μL of Tyrode's Solution in a quartz 1.0 mLcuvette (PerkinElmer, B0631116). Fluorescence measurements are performedon a PerkinElmer LS55 fluorescence spectrometer with dual excitationwavelengths achieved using a filter wheel (FL Winlab program: FastFilter; Excitation 490/440; Emission 535). After establishing baselineBCECF fluorescence (around 10-20 s), 50 μL of 1 M sodium L-lactate(Sigma-Aldrich) is added to the cuvette (final concentration: 50 mM) andrapidly mixed. The time-dependent decrease in BCECF fluorescence(490/440 ratio) may be fit to an exponential decay curve (PrismGraphPad) to determine the rate of lactate transport.

Assay 2: MCT4-Mediated Lactate Transport in NCI-H358 Lung AdenocarcinomaCells.

NCI-H358 lung adenocarcinoma cells may be used to measure MCT4 activityin cells with high native levels of MCT4 and low levels of MCT1 and areknown to those with skill in the art. Preparation of BCECF-loaded cellsand lactate transport activity may be determined as described for Assay1.

Assay 3: MCT4-Mediated Lactate Transport in MDA-MB-231 Breast CancerCells.

MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells may be used to measure MCT4 activity incells with high native levels of MCT4 and low levels of MCT1 and areknown to those with skill in the art. Preparation of BCECF-loaded cellsand lactate transport activity may be determined as described for Assay1.

Assay 4: MCT1-Mediated Lactate Transport in BT20 Breast Cancer Cells.

MCT1 activity may be measured using BT-20 breast cancer cells thatexpress high native levels of MCT1, but do not express MCT4 and areknown to those with skill in the art. Preparation of BCECF loaded cellsare as described for Assay 1. Lactate transport assay is as describedfor Assay 1, except 10 mM L-lactate (rather than 50 mM) is added.

Results of the assays above are given below in Tables 2-3. As can beseen, most compounds disclosed herein are selective for MCT4 over MCT1.

TABLE 2 MCT4 IC₅₀ (nM) MDA-MB-453 + MCT4 IC₅₀ (nM) MCT1 IC₅₀ (nM)Example MCT4 NCI-H358 BT20 1 340 140 50,000 2 450 240 29,000 3 72 6025,000 4 68 54 33,000 5 160 63 1,800 6 2,400 4,600 6,600 7 720 46070,000 8 69 81 46,000 9 320 340 39,000 10 21 33 8,800 11 45 25 29,000 1238 49 58,000 13 20 22 17,000 14 26 44 >100,000 15 900 440 >33,000 161,000 640 73,000 17 440 860 1,200 18 5,300 4,200 45,000 19 110 16057,000 20 17,000 22,000 7,900 21 35,000 48,000 300,000 22 14,000 39,000150,000 23 1,500 2,100 >300,000

TABLE 3 MCT4 IC₅₀ (nM) MCT1 IC₅₀ (nM) Example MDA-MB-231 BT20 1430 >100,000 24 30 >100,000 25 33 77,000 26 9.4 27,000 27 1.0 5,600 28 1215,000 29 3.7 16,000 30 8.8 27,000 31 53 42,000 32 79 83,000 33 3.29,100 34 9.3 >11,000 35 5.2 59,000 36 82 50,000 37 7.6 8,400 38 4860,000 39 5.4 10,000 40 520 >100,000 41 55 1,200 42 2.6 9,800 4313 >33,000 44 1.1 8,400 45 19 12,000 46 142 47,000 47 410 >100,000 48 8955,000 49 240 130,000 50 70 34,000 51 15 6,000 52 190 84,000 53160 >100,000 54 37 27,000 55 260 >100,000 56 8,000 >133,000 57110 >133,000 58 150 78,000 59 340 81,000 60 13 44,000 61 3.1 11,000 6233 27,000 63 37 17,000 64 8.3 45,000 65 8.0 13,000 66 7.8 45,000 67 1117,000 68 9.1 26,000 69 5,800 >100,000 70 9,300 >100,000 71 34,00064,000 72 220 45,000 73 21 >11,000 74 6,400 >100,000 75 1,700 >100,00076 400 38,000 77 340 9,000 79 59 15,000 80 81 61,000 81 6,300 6,600 82460 16,000

Metabolic Stability Assays

The following are assays that may be used to evaluate the metabolicstability of compounds of Formula (I) in human or mouse microsomes.

1. Master solution: 200 μL of 200 mM Phosphate buffer, 106 μL ofultra-pure water, 40 μL of 50 mM MgCl₂, and 10 μL of 20 mg/mL livermicrosomes (human or mouse).

2. Two separated experiments were performed as follows. a) With NADPH:10 μL of 20 mg/mL liver microsomes and 40 μL of 10 mM NADPH were addedto the incubations. The final concentrations of microsomes and NADPHwere 0.5 mg/mL and 1 mM, respectively. b) Without NADPH: 10 μL of 20mg/mL liver microsomes and 40 L of ultra-pure H2O were added to theincubations. The final concentration of microsomes was 0.5 mg/mL.

3. The reaction was started with the addition of 4 μL of 200 μM controlcompound or test compound solutions. Verapamil was used as positivecontrol in this study. The final concentration of test compound orcontrol compound was 2 μM.

4. Aliquots of 50 μL were taken from the reaction solution at 0, 15, 30,45 and 60 min. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 4 volumes ofcold acetonitrile with IS (100 nM alprazolam, 200 nM labetalol and 2 μMketoprofen). Samples were centrifuged at 3, 220 g for 40 minutes.Aliquot of 90 μL of the supernatant was mixed with 90 μL of ultra-pureH2O and then used for LC-MS/MS analysis.

5. Data analysis. All calculations were carried out using MicrosoftExcel. Peak areas were determined from extracted ion chromatograms. Theslope value, k, was determined by linear regression of the naturallogarithm of the remaining percentage of the parent drug vs. incubationtime curve. The in vitro half-life (in vitro t1/2) was determined fromthe slope value: in vitro t_(1/2)=−(0.693)/k.

Results of the assays above are given below in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Human Human Mouse Mouse microsome microsome microsome microsomeExample t_(1/2) % 60 min t_(1/2) % 60 min 14 245 82 1300 95 27 50 43 6150 35 115 67 35 31 36 290 85 1200 99 38 76 56 79 61 39 380 89 370 88 5478 59 760 95 57 190 80 >2000 100 64 200 82 270 84 65 140 78 560 92 66120 73 260 83 68 790 95 380 91

Other Embodiments

The detailed description set-forth above is provided to aid thoseskilled in the art in practicing the present disclosure. However, thedisclosure described and claimed herein is not to be limited in scope bythe specific embodiments herein disclosed because these embodiments areintended as illustration of several aspects of the disclosure. Anyequivalent embodiments are intended to be within the scope of thisdisclosure. Indeed, various modifications of the disclosure in additionto those shown and described herein will become apparent to thoseskilled in the art from the foregoing description, which do not departfrom the spirit or scope of the present inventive discovery. Suchmodifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appendedclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for treating a monocarboxylatetransporter MCT4-mediated disorder in a subject in need thereof,comprising the step of administering to the subject a compound ofstructural Formula I

and/or a salt thereof, wherein: A¹, A², and A³ are independently chosenfrom N and C, wherein at least one of A¹, A², and A³ is N; L is chosenfrom a bond and methylene;

R⁴ and R⁵ are independently chosen from C₁-C₆alkyl, wherein R⁴ and R⁵together comprise no more than 6 carbons; X is H; Y is chosen fromalkenyl, alkenylamino, alkyl, aminoalkenyl, aminoalkyl, aryl,cycloalkyl, and heteroaryl, any of which may be optionally substitutedwith one to three R² groups each independently chosen from alkyl,alkenyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylmethoxy,alkylamino, amino, amido, sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy, cycloalkyl,aryl, and heteroaryl; and Z is chosen from aryl and heteroaryl, eitherof which may be optionally substituted with one to three R³ groups eachindependently chosen from alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,alkylamino, amino, amido, sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy, cycloalkyl,aryl, and heteroaryl.
 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein A¹and A² are C; and A³ is N.
 3. The method as recited in claim 2, whereinW is chosen from

and R⁴ and R⁵ are independently chosen from alkyl, with R⁴ and R⁵together having no more than 6 carbons.
 4. The method as recited inclaim 3, wherein Z is chosen from phenyl and pyridinyl, either of whichmay be optionally substituted with one to three R³ groups eachindependently chosen from alkenyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alkylamino, aryl,halo, heteroaryl, and haloalkyl.
 5. The method as recited in claim 4,wherein Y is chosen from aryl and heteroaryl, any of which may beoptionally substituted with one to three R² groups each independentlychosen from alkenyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylmethoxy, haloalkoxy,alkyl, aryl, halo, heteroaryl, and haloalkyl.
 6. The method as recitedin claim 1, wherein the compound has structural Formula II:

and/or a salt thereof, wherein: L is chosen from a bond and methylene; Wis chosen from

R⁴ and R⁵ are independently chosen from C₁-C₆alkyl, wherein R⁴ and R⁵together comprise no more than 6 carbons; Y is chosen from aryl andheteroaryl, either of which may be optionally substituted with one tothree R² groups each independently chosen from alkenyl, alkoxy,cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylmethoxy, haloalkoxy, alkyl, aryl, halo,heteroaryl, and haloalkyl; Z is chosen from aryl and heteroaryl, eitherof which may be optionally substituted with one to three R³ groups eachindependently chosen from alkenyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alkylamino, aryl,halo, heteroaryl, and haloalkyl.
 7. The method as recited in claim 6,wherein Z is chosen from phenyl and pyridinyl, either of which may beoptionally substituted with one to three R³ groups each independentlychosen from alkenyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alkylamino, aryl, halo, heteroaryl,and haloalkyl.
 8. The method as recited in claim 7, wherein Y is chosenfrom phenyl, thienyl, and thiazolyl, any of which may be optionallysubstituted with one to three R² groups each independently chosen fromalkoxy, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylmethoxy, haloalkoxy, alkyl, halo, andhaloalkyl.
 9. The method as recited in claim 8, wherein R⁴ and R⁵ arechosen from the following combinations: R⁴ and R⁵ are each methyl; R⁴and R⁵ are each ethyl; and R⁴ is methyl and R⁵ is ethyl.
 10. The methodas recited in claim 1, wherein the compound has structural Formula III:

and/or a salt thereof, wherein: L is chosen from a bond and methylene;R⁴ and R⁵ are independently chosen from C₁-C₆alkyl, wherein R⁴ and R⁵together comprise no more than 6 carbons; R⁶ is chosen from H andmethyl; Y is chosen from aryl and heteroaryl, either of which may beoptionally substituted with one to three R² groups each independentlychosen from alkenyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylmethoxy, haloalkoxy,alkyl, aryl, halo, heteroaryl, and haloalkyl; and Z is chosen fromphenyl and pyridinyl, either of which may be optionally substituted withone to three R³ groups each independently chosen from alkenyl, alkoxy,alkyl, alkylamino, aryl, halo, heteroaryl, and haloalkyl.
 11. The methodas recited in claim 10, wherein: Y is chosen from aryl and heteroaryl,either of which may be optionally substituted with one to three R²groups each independently chosen from alkoxy, cycloalkoxy,cycloalkylmethoxy, haloalkoxy, alkyl, halo, and haloalkyl; and Z ischosen from phenyl and pyridinyl, either of which may be optionallysubstituted with one to three R³ groups each independently chosen fromalkoxy, alkyl, alkylamino, halo, and haloalkyl.
 12. The method asrecited in claim 11, wherein Y is chosen from phenyl, thienyl, andthiazolyl, any of which may be optionally substituted with one to threeR² groups each independently chosen from alkoxy, cycloalkoxy,cycloalkylmethoxy, haloalkoxy, alkyl, halo, and haloalkyl.
 13. Thecompound as recited in claim 12, wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are chosen from thefollowing combinations: R⁴ and R⁵ are each methyl; R⁴ and R⁵ are eachethyl; and R⁴ is methyl and R⁵ is ethyl.
 14. The method as recited inclaim 3, wherein: Y is phenyl, substituted with an R² group chosen fromalkoxy, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylmethoxy, haloalkoxy, alkyl, halo, andhaloalkyl; and Z is phenyl, substituted with one or two R³ groups chosenfrom alkoxy, alkyl, alkylamino, halo, and haloalkyl.
 15. The method asrecited in claim 1, wherein the compound has structural Formula III:

and/or a salt thereof, wherein: L is chosen from a bond and methylene;R⁴ and R⁵ are chosen from the following combinations: R⁴ and R⁵ are eachmethyl; R⁴ and R⁵ are each ethyl; and R⁴ is methyl and R⁵ is ethyl; R⁶is chosen from H and methyl; Y is phenyl meta-substituted with an R²group chosen from alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylmethoxy, andhaloalkoxy; Z is phenyl, substituted with one or two R³ groups chosenfrom alkoxy, alkyl, alkylamino, halo, and haloalkyl.
 16. The method asrecited in claim 15, wherein Y is meta-substituted with an R² groupchosen from methoxy, trifluoromethoxy, ethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy,isopropoxy, isobutoxy, cyclopropoxy, cyclobutoxy, cyclopentoxy,cyclopropylmethoxy, cyclobutylmethoxy, and cyclopentylmethoxy.
 17. Themethod as recited in claim 14, wherein Z is ortho-substituted with an R³group chosen from alkoxy, alkyl, alkylamino, halo, and haloalkyl. 18.The method as recited in claim 17, wherein Z is ortho-substituted withhalo.
 19. The method as recited in claim 18, wherein Z isortho-substituted with chloro.
 20. The method as recited in claim 14,wherein R⁶ is H.
 21. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein: Y isthienyl, substituted with an R² group chosen from alkoxy, cycloalkoxy,cycloalkylmethoxy, haloalkoxy, alkyl, halo, and haloalkyl; and Z isphenyl, substituted with one or two R³ groups chosen from alkoxy, alkyl,alkylamino, halo, and haloalkyl.
 22. The method as recited in claim 21,wherein Y is substituted with an R² group chosen from alkoxy,cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylmethoxy, and haloalkoxy.
 23. The method asrecited in claim 22, wherein Y is meta-substituted with an R² groupchosen from methoxy, trifluoromethoxy, ethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy,isopropoxy, isobutoxy, cyclopropoxy, cyclobutoxy, cyclopentoxy,cyclopropylmethoxy, cyclobutylmethoxy, and cyclopentylmethoxy.
 24. Themethod as recited in claim 21, wherein Z is ortho-substituted with an R³group chosen from alkoxy, alkyl, alkylamino, halo, and haloalkyl. 25.The method as recited in claim 24, wherein Z is ortho-substituted withhalo.
 26. The method as recited in claim 25, wherein Z isortho-substituted with chloro.
 27. The method as recited in claim 21,wherein R⁶ is H.
 28. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein: Y isthiazolyl, substituted with one R² group chosen from alkoxy,cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylmethoxy, haloalkoxy, alkyl, halo, and haloalkyl;and Z is phenyl, substituted with one or two R³ groups chosen fromalkoxy, alkyl, alkylamino, halo, and haloalkyl.
 29. The method asrecited in claim 28, wherein Y is substituted with one R² group chosenfrom alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylmethoxy, and haloalkoxy.
 30. Themethod as recited in claim 29, wherein Y is meta-substituted with an R²group chosen from methoxy, trifluoromethoxy, ethoxy,2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, isopropoxy, isobutoxy, cyclopropoxy, cyclobutoxy,cyclopentoxy, cyclopropylmethoxy, cyclobutylmethoxy, andcyclopentylmethoxy.
 31. The method as recited in claim 28, wherein Z isortho-substituted with one R³ group chosen from alkoxy, alkyl,alkylamino, halo, and haloalkyl.
 32. The method as recited in claim 31,wherein Z is ortho-substituted with one halo.
 33. The method as recitedin claim 32, wherein Z is ortho-substituted with one chloro.
 34. Themethod as recited in claim 28, wherein R⁶ is H.
 35. The method asrecited in claim 1, wherein the compound is chosen from:


36. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the treatment of themonocarboxylate transporter MCT4-mediated disorder inhibits activity ofthe monocarboxylate transporter MCT4, or a mutant thereof.
 37. Themethod as recited in claim 36, wherein the activity of themonocarboxylate transporter MCT4, or a mutant thereof, is selectivelyinhibited over the monocarboxylate transporter MCT1, or a mutantthereof.
 38. The method as recited in claim 37, wherein the inhibitionis at least 100-fold selective for MCT4 over MCT1.
 39. The method asrecited in claim 1, wherein the subject is a human.
 40. The method asrecited in claim 1, wherein the monocarboxylate transporterMCT4-mediated disorder is chosen from an inflammatory disorder and aproliferative disorder.
 41. The method as recited in claim 40, whereinthe monocarboxylate transporter MCT4-mediated disorder is aproliferative disorder.
 42. The method as recited in claim 41, whereinthe proliferative disorder is cancer.
 43. The method as recited in claim42, wherein the cancer is chosen from adenocarcinoma, adult T-cellleukemia/lymphoma, bladder cancer, blastoma, bone cancer, breast cancer,brain cancer, carcinoma, myeloid sarcoma, cervical cancer, colorectalcancer, esophageal cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, glioblastomamultiforme, glioma, gallbladder cancer, gastric cancer, head and neckcancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, intestinal cancer,kidney cancer, laryngeal cancer, leukemia, lung cancer, lymphoma, livercancer, small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer,mesothelioma, multiple myeloma, ocular cancer, optic nerve tumor, oralcancer, ovarian cancer, pituitary tumor, primary central nervous systemlymphoma, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, pharyngeal cancer, renalcell carcinoma, rectal cancer, sarcoma, skin cancer, spinal tumor, smallintestine cancer, stomach cancer, T-cell lymphoma, testicular cancer,thyroid cancer, throat cancer, urogenital cancer, urothelial carcinoma,uterine cancer, vaginal cancer, and Wilms' tumor.
 44. The method asrecited in claim 40, wherein the monocarboxylate transporterMCT4-mediated disorder is an inflammatory disorder.
 45. The method asrecited in claim 44, wherein the inflammatory disorder is chosen fromCrohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,muscular dystrophy, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic sclerosis(scleroderma).
 46. The method as recited in claim 1, further thesequential or co-administration of another therapeutic agent.
 47. Themethod as recited in claim 46, wherein the therapeutic agent is aprotein kinase inhibitor.
 48. The method as recited in claim 47, whereinthe protein kinase inhibitor is chosen from Aurora B, EGFR, PLK-1, CDKsinhibitors.
 49. The method as recited in claim 46, wherein thetherapeutic agent is chosen from an antimetabolite, bcr-abl inhibitor,DNA damaging agent, EGFR inhibitor, microtubule stabilizing inhibitor,mitotic arrest inhibitor, S-phase inhibitor, and a taxane.
 50. Themethod as recited in claim 49, wherein the therapeutic agent is a DNAdamaging agent chosen from an alkylating agent, anthracycline,antimetabolite agent, crosslinking agent, DNA replication inhibitor,intercalator, microtubule disruptor, PARP inhibitor, radiomimetic agent,radiosensitizer, strand break agent, and topoisomerase II inhibitor. 51.The method as recited in claim 46, wherein the therapeutic agent ischosen from aminoglutethimide, amsacrine, anastrozole, asparaginase,barasertib, bcg, bicalutamide, bleomycin, buserelin, busulfan,campothecin, capecitabine, carboplatin, carmustine, chlorambucil,chloroquine, cisplatin, cladribine, clodronate, colchicine,cyclophosphamide, cyproterone, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin,daunorubicin, demethoxyviridin, dichloroacetate, dienestrol,diethylstilbestrol, docetaxel, doxorubicin, epirubicin, estradiol,estramustine, etoposide, everolimus, exemestane, filgrastim,fludarabine, fludrocortisone, fluorouracil, fluoxymesterone, flutamide,gemcitabine, genistein, goserelin, hydroxyurea, idarubicin, ifosfamide,imatinib, interferon, irinotecan, ironotecan, letrozole, leucovorin,leuprolide, levamisole, lomustine, lonidamine, mechlorethamine,medroxyprogesterone, megestrol, melphalan, mercaptopurine, mesna,metformin, methotrexate, mitomycin, mitotane, mitoxantrone, nilutamide,nocodazole, olaparib, octreotide, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, pamidronate,pentostatin, perifosine, plicamycin, porfimer, procarbazine,raltitrexed, rituximab, sorafenib, streptozocin, sunitinib, suramin,tamoxifen, temozolomide, temsirolimus, teniposide, testosterone,thioguanine, thiotepa, titanocene dichloride, topotecan, trastuzumab,tretinoin, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, and vinorelbine.
 52. Themethod as recited in claim 1, further comprising administeringnon-chemical methods of cancer treatment.
 53. The method as recited inclaim 1, further comprising administering radiation therapy.
 54. Themethod as recited in claim 1, wherein further comprising administeringsurgery, thermoablation, focused ultrasound therapy, cryotherapy, or anycombination thereof.